French and Indian War Siege of Fort William Henry

The Siege of Fort William Henry took place August 3-9, 1757, during the French Indian War (1754-1763). Though tensions between British and French forces on the frontier had been growing for several years, the French Indian War did not begin in earnest until 1754 when Lieutenant Colonel George Washingtons command was defeated at Fort Necessity in western Pennsylvania. The following year, a large British force led by Major General Edward Braddock was crushed at the Battle of the Monongahela attempting to avenge Washingtons defeat and capture Fort Duquesne. To the north, the British fared better as noted Indian agent Sir William Johnson led troops to victory at the Battle of Lake George in September 1755 and captured the French commander, Baron Dieskau. In the wake of this setback, the governor of New France (Canada), the Marquis de Vaudreuil, directed that Fort Carillon (Ticonderoga) be constructed at the south end of Lake Champlain. Fort William Henry In response, Johnson ordered Major William Eyre, the military engineer of the 44th Regiment of Foot, to build Fort William Henry at the southern shore of Lake George. This position was supported by Fort Edward which was located on the Hudson River approximately sixteen miles to the south. Built in a square design with bastions on the corners, Fort William Henrys walls were approximately thirty feet thick and consisted of earth faced with timber. The forts magazine was located in the northeast bastion while a medical facility was placed in the southeast bastion. As constructed, the fort was meant to hold a garrison of 400-500 men. Though formidable, the fort was intended to repel Native American attacks and was not constructed to withstand enemy artillery. While the northern wall faced the lake, the other three were protected by a dry moat. Access to the fort was provided by a bridge across this ditch. Supporting the fort was a large entrenched camp located a short distance to the southeast. Garrisoned by the men of Eyres regiment, the fort turned back a French attack, led by Pierre de Rigaud in March 1757. This was largely due to the French lacking heavy guns. British Plans As the 1757 campaign season approached, the new British commander-in-chief for North America, Lord Loudoun, submitted plans to London calling for an assault on Quebec City. The center of French operations, the citys fall would effectively cut off enemy forces to the west and south. As this plan moved forward, Loudoun intended to take a defensive posture on the frontier. He felt this would be feasible as the attack on Quebec would draw French troops away from the border. Moving forward, Loudoun began assembling the forces needed for the mission. In March 1757, he received orders from the new government of William Pitt directing him to turn his efforts towards taking the fortress of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island. While this did not alter Loudouns preparations directly, it dramatically changed the strategic situation as the new mission would not draw French forces away from the frontier. As the operation against Louisbourg took priority, the best units were assigned accordingly. To protect the frontier, Loudoun appointed Brigadier General Daniel Webb to oversee the defenses in New York and gave him 2,000 regulars. This force was to be augmented by 5,000 colonial militia.   The French Response In New France, Vaudreuils field commander, Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm (Marquis de Montcalm), began planning to reduce Fort William Henry. Fresh from a victory at Fort Oswego the previous year, he had demonstrated that traditional European siege tactics could be effective against forts in North America. Montcalms intelligence network began providing him with information that suggested that the British target for 1757 would be Louisbourg. Recognizing that such an effort would leave the British weak on the frontier, he began assembling troops to strike south. This work was aided by Vaudreuil who was able to recruit around 1,800 Native American warriors to supplement Montcalms army. These were sent south to Fort Carillon.  Assembling a combined force of around 8,000 men at the fort, Montcalm began preparing to move south against Fort William Henry. Despite his best efforts, his Native American allies proved difficult to control and began mistreating and torturing British prisoners at the fort. Additionally, they routinely took more than their share of rations and were found to be ritually cannibalizing prisoners. Though Montcalm desired to end such behavior, he risked the Native Americans leaving his army if he pushed too hard. The Campaign Begins At Fort William Henry, command passed to Lieutenant Colonel George Monro of the 35th Foot in the spring of 1757. Establishing his headquarters in the fortified camp, Monro had around 1,500 men at his disposal. He was supported by Webb, who was at Fort Edward. Alerted to the French build up, Monro dispatched a force up the lake which was routed at the Battle of Sabbath Day Point on July 23. In response, Webb traveled to Fort William Henry with a detachment of Connecticut rangers led by Major Israel Putnam. Scouting north, Putnam reported the approach of a Native American force. Returning to Fort Edward, Webb directed 200 regulars and 800 Massachusetts militiamen to reinforce Monros garrison. Though this increased the garrison to around 2,500 men, several hundred were ill with smallpox. On July 30, Montcalm ordered Franà §ois de Gaston, Chevalier de Là ©vis to move south with an advance force. Following the next day, he rejoined Là ©vis at Ganaouske Bay. Again pushing ahead, Là ©vis camped within three miles of Fort William Henry on August 1. Armies Commanders British Lieutenant Colonel George Monro2,500 men French Native Americans Marquis de Montcalmapprox. 8,000 men The French Attack Two days later, Là ©vis moved south of the fort and severed the road to Fort Edward. Skirmishing with Massachusetts militia, they were able to maintain the blockade. Arriving later in the day, Montcalm demanded Monros surrender. This request was rebuffed and Monro sent messengers south to Fort Edward to seek aid from Webb. Assessing the situation and lacking sufficient men to both aid Monro and cover the colonial capital of Albany, Webb responded on August 4 by telling him to seek the best surrender terms possible if forced to capitulate. Intercepted by Montcalm, the message informed the French commander that no aid would be coming and that Monro was isolated. As Webb was writing, Montcalm directed Colonel Franà §ois-Charles de Bourlamaque to commence siege operations. Digging trenches northwest of the fort, Bourlamaque began emplacing guns to reduce the northwest bastion of the fort. Completed on August 5, the first battery opened fire and battered the forts walls from a range of about 2,000 yards. A second battery was finished the next day and brought the bastion under crossfire. Though Fort William Henrys guns responded, their fire proved relatively ineffective. In addition, the defense was hampered by a large portion of the garrison being ill. Hammering the walls through the night of August 6/7, the French succeeded in opening several gaps. On August 7, Montcalm dispatched his aide, Louis Antoine de Bougainville, to again call for the forts surrender. This was again refused. After enduring another day and nights bombardment and with the forts defenses collapsing and the French trenches coming closer, Monro hoisted a white flag on August 9 to open surrender negotiations. Surrender Massacre Meeting, the commanders formalized the surrender and Montcalm granted Monros garrison terms which allowed them to keep their muskets and one cannon, but no ammunition. In addition, they were to be escorted to Fort Edward and were prohibited from fighting for eighteen months. Finally, the British were to release the French prisoners in their custody. Housing the British garrison in the entrenched camp, Montcalm endeavored to explain the terms to his Native American allies. This proved difficult due to a large number of languages used by the Native Americans. As the day passed, the Native Americans looted the fort and killed many of the British wounded which had been left within its walls for treatment. Increasingly unable to control the Native Americans, who were eager for plunder and scalps, Montcalm and Monro decided to attempt to move the garrison south that night. This plan failed when the Native Americans became aware of the British movement. Waiting until dawn on August 10, the column, which included women and children, formed and was provided with a 200-man escort by Montcalm. With the Native Americans hovering, the column began moving towards the military road south. As it exited the camp, the Native Americans entered and killed seventeen wounded soldiers that had been left behind. They next fell upon the rear of the column which largely consisted of the militia. A halt was called and an attempt was made to restore order but to no avail. While some French officers attempted to halt the Native Americans, others stepped aside. With Native American attacks increasing in intensity, the column began to dissolve as many of the British soldiers fled into the woods. Aftermath Pushing on, Monro reached Fort Edward with around 500 people. By the end of the month, 1,783 of the forts 2,308-man garrison (on August 9) had arrived at Fort Edward with many making their own way through the woods. In the course of the fighting for Fort William Henry, the British sustained around 130 casualties. Recent estimates place losses during the massacre of August 10 at 69 to 184 killed. Following the British departure, Montcalm ordered Fort William Henry dismantled and destroyed. Lacking sufficient supplies and equipment for pushing on to Fort Edward, and with his Native American allies leaving, Montcalm elected to withdraw back to Fort Carillon. The fighting at Fort William Henry gained increased attention in 1826 when James Fenimore Cooper published his novel Last of the Mohicans. In the wake of the forts loss, Webb was removed for his lack of action. With the failure of the Louisbourg expedition, Loudoun was relieved as well and replaced by Major General James Abercrombie. Returning to the site of Fort William Henry the following year, Abercrombie conducted an ill-fated campaign that ended with his defeat at the Battle of Carillon in July 1758. The French would finally be forced from the area the in 1759 when Major General Jeffery Amherst pushed north.

Introduction. Euthanasia Is A Unique Practice Of Ending

Introduction Euthanasia is a unique practice of ending the life of an individual suffering from a terminal disease/illness or an incurable condition by means of using extraordinary medical treatment or lethal injection (TenHave Welie, 2014). The word euthanasia is derived from the Greek - eu, good, and thanatos, meaning death (Russell, 1997). However, some think of euthanasia as merely a mercy killing, while others see it as unjustified murder. Euthanasia is portrayed as a controversial topic that seems to have no grey area, simplified as either black or white. It may seem as though factors such as the conscience right of physicians’ conflicts with the autonomy of patients regarding euthanasia when deciding the fate of a patient.†¦show more content†¦The majority of evidence would suggest with existential considerations, such as feeling a burden to others, fear of losing autonomy, and lost sense of dignity, are the primary motivations that move patient’s to-ward seeking death-hastening options (Willson et al, 2007). To further investigate the attitudes of terminally ill individuals regarding the legalization of euthanasia, The Canadian National Palliative Care conducted a study where they interviewed 379 patients who were receiving palliative care for cancer (Wilson et al, 2007). Patients who desired voluntary euthanasia were followed prospectively. The results showed that 238 participants (62.8%) who believed that euthanasia and/or PAS should be legalized, and 151 (39.8%) who would consider making a future request for a physician-hastened death (Wilson et al, 2007). However, only 22 (5.8%) reported that, if legally permissible, they would initiate such a request right away, in their current situations (Wilson et al, 2007). In follow-up interviews with 17 participants, only 2 (11.8%) showed instability in their expressed desire. It is visible from these results, the stem of terminally ill patients’ desire to receive euthanasia or PAS is asso ciated with religious beliefs; functional status; and physical, social, and psychological symptoms and concerns (Wilson et al, 2007). 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Article Critique Participant Perceptions of a Novel...

ARTICLE CRITIQUE: PARTICIPANT PERCEPTIONS OF A NOVEL PHYSIOTHERAPY APPROACH Name Class Professor University/Institution City, State Date Introduction Smith et al. (2012) explored the importance of the Blue prescription to inducing physical activity among people with multiple sclerosis. Although, the title of the study appears long, it is complete and accurate. Specifically, the title implies that the qualitative study was conducted on the participants after they received medical help in order to determine their perceptions of the Blue prescription as an intervention for enhancing levels of physical activity. Study Abstract An abstract refers to a brief summary of a concluded research. A proper abstract inspires the†¦show more content†¦In this case, the interviewees were patients who had just received medical intervention to stem their condition of multiple sclerosis, with the main aim of the research being the modification of their perception to participate more in physical activity. In contrast, according to Burnard (1991), the primary limitation of the research based on a qualitative approach is that it lacks measurable numerical data. Methods: Sampling The researchers sampled 27 volunteers, who they believed represented an excellent diversity due to their metropolitan background. They (researchers) did utilize most of the socio-demographic aspects of the study sample such as age, sex, duration of MS in years, ethnicity, type of MS, and the level of mobility. Nonetheless, other details such as occupation, social class, education, income and marital status were lacking. The sampling would be stronger, had the researchers included the latter details in the work. The voluntary sampling process was appropriate because it mostly contributes to reliable outcomes (Burnard, 1991). However, the researchers did not fully indicate the sampling method; nevertheless, the inclusion criteria employed was justified because it offered the sampled persons a sense of ownership and the impetus to take part in the process more freely. Unlike other methods, the methodology provided first-hand data (Forc huk amp; Roberts, 1993). On the other hand, socio-demographic disparities among the sampled

The Internal Control Weaknesses Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Audit and Internal Control Weaknesses. Answer: Introduction The internal control weaknesses are significant for the business organization as these play vital roles in impeding the efficiency of the business organization. Hence, it is essential for the business organization to recognize the internal control weaknesses so that can minimize the effect of the weaknesses as well as the organization can try to deploy effective measures that support in mitigating the weakness plus the effect of the weaknesses[1]. Timely detection of the weakness helps in designing the remedies for the weakness. The internal control system is considered as the safeguard to the business organization. The internal audit is mainly an informal review of the business organization by its owners or accountants. The internal control shows the particular policies of the business organization and the owner of the business as well as the managers and employees should follow these in the business. The internal control system has few weaknesses, and the business organization must address these internal control weaknesses. Five Internal control weaknesses Everyday supplies are depicted to be showing the single wholesale retailer of the variety of the garden tools and the garden supplies with including the electrical fixtures. The five internal control weaknesses that are defined in this case is being described in the following points, and also it is showing the remedies by the help of the which it can be easily mitigated. The following are provided below: - The weakness of Credit Management: The weakness of the credit management is being identified in this case which is being explained. The management of the company Everyday Supplies Pty Ltd is shown to be allowing the account-based transfers who are depicted to be beyond the ethics of the company[2]. The managers are seemed to be providing this facility to the familiarities and also this is being identified as the most important issue as it is being illustrated in this case. The other customers are provided with the supplies by the cash or the credit payments. This is being identified as an issue which must be mitigated by the manager for the enhancement of the company. The remedy which can be provided to this case as it is being illustrated shows the inappropriate management of the customers which is being made by the manager of the Everyday Supplies Pty Ltd. The company must mitigate this issue by the help of making some changes in the system of the supplies and also the enhancement of the customer can be easily depicted for the company[3]. The weakness of Account receivable supervision: This issue is being identified by the help of the preparation of the monthly records which are computer generated account receivables. It is being made without reconciliation and also the issue is representing the inappropriate calculation of the monthly overdue that are made in the accounts[4]. The management is indicated to be responsible for this issue, and also the explanation of the work is not appropriately conducted by the supervisor while conducting this assessment. As a part of the remedy, the conduct is being made by showing the inappropriate maintenance of the work, and also the conduct must be easily overcome by showing the illustrations of the process in an appropriate way. The management must be made by creating awareness in the management team as the case is being illustrated for Everyday Supplies Pty Ltd. The weakness of Cash Handling: The recognition of the process of risk generation is important for prescribing effective remedies for the business that help in minimizing the risk. The management should try to detect the internal control risk and the remedies in order to improve the business efficacy as well as to improve the auditing performances that enhance the trust and reputation of the business organization[5]. The cash handling is one of the important tasks of the business organizations that inherent adequate level of business risk. The cashier is responsible for the cash handling on behalf of the business organization. He uses to tally the cheques with the accountants, check the cheques and arranging them. Then he deposits the cheques in the banks. The procedures have a massive inherent risk as slight mistakes of the process can invite major loss to the business organization. The weakness of Bookkeeping: This issue is illustrating the underlying transactions are being made by the wrong judgment of the records. The enhancement of this inappropriate transaction is depicted to be indicating the whole work in an inappropriate way and also the establishment of the accurate information is depicted to be essential for the enhancement of the study[6]. The implementation of the tracking information systems, with removing the duplicity of the financial statements are also illustrated as the part of this process. This is simply showing the accurate measurements which are being undertaken for this transaction issues, and also the inappropriate management must be removed by implementing this step as a remedy. The tax calculation faults are also identified as an issue in this case which is seen due to the delaying of the process and also the management is being made by showing the illustration of the study. Thus this risk management can be easily made by the Everyday S upplies Pty Ltd which will enable the company to have an appropriate statement is being made by showing the write off accounts and also this remedy must be initiated for the betterment of the company. Thus the management of this issue is appropriately made for the development of the study was undertaken in this case of Everyday Supplies Pty Ltd[7]. Weakness of Write-offs: When an organization provides products or services on credit to the customers, then some customers may not be able to pay the due amounts. The write of the method is used to post in the account of the uncollectible receivable. The company writes off the account only when the customers are not able to pay the due amounts. When the accountant writes off the uncollectible, then it charges the amounts as the bad debt expense on the profit or loss statement[8]. The expenses can occur in a period after the record of the initial sale that violates the matching principle. Account receivable is the current asset that represents the amount of money due from the customers. The write-off method record the account receivable amount at the time of the sale. Thus, if the amount becomes uncollectible than the balance of account receivable will become high. The balance sheet value will be affected. The bad debt expenses are sometime presented in the later period that may lead to the inappropriate representation of the profits in the income statement. The profit margin can increase or decrease with the presentation of the bad expense. The write-off method provided a room to manipulate the values of the items in the financial statements[9]. Assertions: Existence: The accounts in the balance sheet should be equity, liabilities, and assets. Rights and obligations: The corporation has the rights over their owned assets and also liable to pay the liabilities. Completeness: The company has to report assets, liabilities and equity balances in an appropriate manner and it should be disclosed fully in the balance sheet[10]. Valuation and allocation: The items in the liabilities, equity, and assets account should be estimated and presented at their proper valuations in the balance sheet. Test of control for cash receipts: Occurrence: The company should employ two cashiers while checking the balances, reading the email, remittance advice, listing the cheque and depositing the cheques. Completeness: The accountant should prepare journals for all the transactions and then posting it on the ledger account. All the cash amount deposited in the bank should be recorded in an appropriate manner[11]. Accuracy: The balances of the accounts should be listed for all the transactions and generated cash flows from the transactions. Cut-off: The accountant should track all the deposits in order to ensure that the amounts are recorded during the accounting period. Classification: The classification of the transaction should be based on the requirement of the financial statements[12]. Conclusion The owner and management of the business organizations must detect the internal control weaknesses organization as these can impede the performance of the business organization. Apart from this, because of the internal control weakness the performances of auditing functions can also be reduced. Due to the weaknesses in internal control system, the undertaken business organization named Everyday Supplies Pty Ltd has faced severe issue that slow down the growth prospects of the organization. Apart from this, it makes the auditing tasks problematic, and several auditing issues take places due to the internal control weaknesses of the firm. References Appannaiah, H, P Reddy, R Putty,Financial accounting. in , Mumbai [India], Himalaya Pub. House, 2010. Besley, S,Corporate finance. in , [Place of publication not identified], Cengage Learning, 2016. Britton, A, C Waterston,Financial accounting. in , Harlow, Financial Times Prentice Hall, 2013. Helbk, M, S Lindset, B McLellan,Corporate finance. in , Maidenhead, Berkshire, Open University Press/McGraw-Hill Education, 2010. Holton, R,Global finance. in , Abingdon, Oxon, Routledge, 2012. Parrino, R,Corporate Finance. in , Singapore, John Wiley Sons, 2015. Powers, M, B Needles,Financial accounting. in , [Mason], South-Western, Cengage Learning, 2012. Spiceland, J,Intermediate accounting. in , Toronto, ON, McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 2010. Stice, J, E Stice,Intermediate accounting. in , Mason, South-Western/Cengage Learning, 2014. Weil, R,Financial accounting. in , [Place of publication not identified], Cengage Learning, 2017. Welch, I,Corporate finance. in , Los Angeles, Ivo Welch, 2014. Wolf, M,Fixing global finance. in , Baltimore, Md., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010.

Drug Addiction in Aboriginal Men

Question: Disucss about theDrug Addiction in Aboriginal Men. Answer: It is surprising to find out that many people still do not understand the reason on why or how individuals end up being addicted to drugs. However, it is important for us to ask ourselves why drug addiction or rather substance abuse is a health problem among the Aboriginal men living in Australia. These men form up part of the indigenous race in Australia where the incidences of severe health concerns such as diabetes as well as kidney diseases are rampant. For the Aboriginal men, the first decision to venture into drugs is made voluntarily without any kind of coercion. Sadly, drug addiction is a health problem that has become a concern for Australia since it has led to brain changes among indigenous Australians that later result in challenging the self-control of men. According to the literature written by Bruce Alexander (2008), drug addiction which involves the smoking of cannabis, as well as tobacco, has resulted in increased cases of the Aboriginal men being admitted to hospital s whereby their issues are linked to drug use. According to Bruce, it has become well known in Australia that the native people who use drugs compulsively have mental health challenges since smoking, as well as the use of injections, disrupts the normal functioning of the brain tissues. This paper identifies as well as discusses the social determinants of health for drug addiction or substance abuse and later identifies the potential stakeholders that one can partner with to address drug addiction and substance abuse among the aboriginal men. According to a post by WHO, social determinants of health refer to the settings that revolve around the way in which people live. Education is a social determinant of health which forms a crucial alleyway that contributes to the eligibility to snatch employment opportunities. It is through employment that people can bolster their living standards. According to the research done by the Australian Bureau dealing with statistics in 2007, it was found out that the rates of job retention for indigenous individuals stood out to be around ten, twenty, and thirty percent in years ranging from ten, eleven, and twelve respectively than that of the non-indigenous counterparts (De Crespigny et al., 2006). Similarly, in 2006, it was found out that the Aboriginal people who are aged fifteen years and above were less than half likely than the non-indigenous to have finished schooling until they reach the twelfth year. This is in comparison to twice as much as those likely to have dropped out of sch ool. Here, the inability of the Aboriginal men to access education just because they are living in rural areas makes them vulnerable to the extent of using drugs to make one feel comfortable in a stressful world. As such, the indigenous people in Australian rural areas suffer the risk of acquiring poor health since the unavailability of appropriate knowledge is a major contributor (Song et al., 2011). When education lacks aptness, there is a high chance that individuals may be made to explore the smoking of bhang and tobacco. It is evident that the Aboriginal men do not prioritize education because of the dominance of their culture and their inflexibility towards embracing western education. A couple of studies have been conducted to explore the connection existing between the outcomes of education and drug addiction. For example, a study of the Aboriginal and Torres communities in Arnhem Land brought to scholars attention that the current consumers of cannabis emerged to be less li kely to take part in education (Lee et al., 2008). Precisely, the lack of proper education is a social determinant of health for the aboriginal men that make them continue with drug or substance abuse since it is evident that those people who defected from being educated were twenty-three times more likely to become polydrug users when aged between eight and seventeen years. The Aboriginal communities are well known for living in a house where there are as many as twelve people. For this case, housing is a social determinant of health because it is hard for an Aboriginal man to leave in overcrowded houses where there are smokers and other drug users without being hooked up to indulge. Mainly, overcrowding is a factor that is associated with the broad range of health outcomes. The results are inclusive of the increased rates of smoking as well as the drinking of alcohol at dangerous levels. In 2006, data indicated that close to 25% of the Aboriginal community were at that year staying in overcrowded conditions (MacRae Hoareau, 2016). Evidently, more than one-fifth of Aboriginal households housed more than five resident people. It is common doing that when people stay together in a room for long with smokers, there is a high likelihood that an individual can be lured to start the excessive use of drugs just for social and emotional gain. This is the same for the Aboriginal men where their health has been deteriorated with drug addiction. As such, the Aboriginal men are made vulnerable to drug dependence or substance abuse due to overcrowding in houses. Even though there is nothing wrong with living communally, the rates of smoking tend out to be higher in such conditions than when one or two people live in a house. Various studies reveal a consistent and definite relationship that exists between the level of an individuals' income and the level of mortality and morbidity, whereby those with a lower standard of income have the highest degrees of morbidity as well as mortality. It was found out in 2006 that the average income of Aboriginal men only made up 56% of the equivalent revenue for non-indigenous Australians (Markwick et al., 2014). In such a way, the existence of income inequality in Australia has a link to the eruption of health problems among the Aboriginal men because stress plays a role in luring people to indulge in drug misuse. For the other countries in the world including the United States of America, the connection between a persons health status and income has been contested as low as up to the community level, which is the reverse for Australia (McBride et al., 2009). For the Aboriginal men, the long-term social exclusion by the non-indigenous communities is the reason for the increased injuries and hospitalization due to drug abuse and alcohol consumption. Income, being the social determinant of health is generally concomitant with other determinants such as employment because individuals must be employed to earn an income. Based on this argument, the lower income for the Aboriginal men is one of the stressors that leads them to drug addiction and in due course causes the eruption of various chronic health problems. One of the primary potential stakeholders that I would need to cooperate with to address drug addiction or substance abuse is the government. The Australian government is responsible in many ways for the enforcement of policies that makes illegal the use of various drugs with the capability of causing the deterioration of its citizen's health statuses. First of all, education is a sector that is controlled directly by the Australian government. As such, it can ensure that measures are put in place to enhance full cooperation of the native male population in education (Lee et al., 2013). Providing high quality and subsidized education will make it possible to reduce the rates of drug use among men, only for appropriate education that delves in this health problem. The collaboration with the government through the ministry of health will see to it that grants are provided to rehabilitate those who are already addicted to drugs. Besides, the government is responsible for the policies. A s such, collaboration with National Drug Strategy organization will increase the efficiency in which this matter is addressed both locally and globally. The policies foster the provision of national frameworks embodying various actions to cause a reduction of harms related to drug abuse in Australia using appropriate action plans. Since the regulations focus on the entire country, exercising them more on the Aboriginal men than the non-indigenous communities will work correctly in redressing drug addiction, which is a chronic disease affecting this portion of the Australian population (Robertson et al., 2012). It is important that the National Drug Strategy was designed to minimize illicit drug use by Australians as it forms a collaborative venture with the government where an emphasis is laid on drug's supply, demand, and harm reduction. Similarly, The AIHW, which stands for Australian Institute of Health as well as Welfare, is the other potential stakeholder to assist in redressing this health problem among the Aboriginal men once and for all. The role of this body is to conduct and publish the strategies to research on drug abuse by using surveys in Australia (Heffernan et al., 2016). Collaboration with this body will result in the exploration of Australians perception and opinions regarding drug addiction in general and the extent in which the addicts have been affected healthily. AIHW is concerned with an individuals approval of drug handling and the overall impact of substance abuse on mortality and the community. In addressing this health issue, the cooperation will help in shedding light on Aboriginal men's insights on tobacco and alcohol and their associated health risks. As well, the leaders of the Aboriginal community can contribute to holding campaigns directed towards achieving a reduction of drug use, wh ereby campaigners will enlighten the Aboriginal men and the community as a whole on the issues of health that erupt due to drug addiction or substance abuse (Johnson et al., 2007). It is essential to note that people believe more on those who have refrained from using drugs and are therefore ready to testify to the community on the hazardous health problems they went through while they were hooked up to the drug. As such, this will form an excellent forum where people can share their perceptions as well as opinions on the matter, which in the long run contributes to a reduction in substance abuse among the aboriginal men and the reduced incidences of suicide. In conclusion, this paper has identified and appropriately discussed the social determinants of health for drug addiction or substance abuse. It also identified the potential stakeholders that an individual or a non-governmental body could collaborate with to address this health issue among the Aboriginal men. In sum, the Aboriginal men are well known to be heavy smokers of bhang and tobacco that have a long-term impact on their health by causing chronic diseases such as kidney failures and diabetes. The SDHs which contributed to their actions includes poor education, lower level of income than non-indigenous communities, and overcrowding in households. Unemployment is also a social determinant that is linked to an individuals income as it brings with it setbacks such as stress. To address this issue, the collaboration with the government, AIHW, National Drug Strategy, and the Aboriginal community will work out to reduce this health problem. References Alexander, B. K. (2008). The globalisation of addiction: A study in poverty of the spirit. Oxford: Oxford University Press. De Crespigny, C., Kowanko, I., Murray, H., Wilson, S., Ah Kit, J., Mills, D. (2006). A nursing partnership for better outcomes in Aboriginal mental health, including substance use. Contemporary Nurse, 22(2), 275-287. Heffernan, E., Davidson, F., Andersen, K., Kinner, S. (2016). Substance use disorders among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in custody: a public health opportunity. Health Justice, 4(1), 12. Johnson, K., Courser, M., Holder, H., Miller, B., Ogilvie, K., Moore, R., ... Saylor, B. (2007). A community prevention intervention to reduce youth from inhaling and ingesting harmful legal products. Journal of drug education, 37(3), 227-247. Lee, K. K., Clough, A. R., Jaragba, M. J., Conigrave, K. M., Patton, G. C. (2008). Heavy cannabis use and depressive symptoms in three Aboriginal communities in Arnhem Land, Northern Territory. Medical Journal of Australia, 188(10), 605-609. Lee, K. K., Jagtenberg, M., Ellis, C. M., Conigrave, K. M. (2013). Pressing need for more evidence to guide efforts to address substance use among young Indigenous Australians. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 24(2), 87-97. Markwick, A., Ansari, Z., Sullivan, M., Parsons, L., McNeil, J. (2014). Inequalities in the social determinants of health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People: a cross-sectional population-based study in the Australian state of Victoria. International journal for equity in health, 13(1), 91. McBride, O., Teesson, M., Slade, T., Hasin, D., Degenhardt, L., Baillie, A. (2009). Further evidence of differences in substance use and dependence between Australia and the United States. Drug and alcohol dependence, 100(3), 258-264. Robertson, J. A., Conigrave, K. M., Ivers, R., Usher, K., Clough, A. R. (2012). Translation of tobacco policy into practice in disadvantaged and marginalized subpopulations: a study of challenges and opportunities in remote Australian Indigenous communities. Health research policy and systems, 10(1), 23. Song, R., Hall, H. I., Harrison, K. M., Sharpe, T. T., Lin, L. S., Dean, H. D. (2011). Identifying the impact of social determinants of health on disease rates using correlation analysis of area-based summary information. Public health reports, 126(3 suppl), 70-80.

King Henri IV Essays - Dauphins Of France, Knights Of The Garter

King Henri IV King Henri IV was born at Pau in Bearn on December 13, 1553. Raised by his mother, Jeane d'Albret (Queen of Navarre), Henri was brought up in a remote castle in the Pyrenees. He grew up amongst the peasant children of that area and raised on a diet of bread, cheese, and garlic. As a youngster Henri was brought up in the Protestant faith, which was the opposite of his father's wishes. As result, Henri was taken to Paris on his father's orders and given a Catholic tutor. However, he stubbornly refused to attend Mass. Consequently, after the death of his father, Henri was once again instructed by a Protestant tutor. By the age of ten, Henri had already changed religions twice. Remaining in Paris, Henri attended classes at the College de Navarre. Gradually he learned to speak and write fluent Latin and Greek, and he had managed to attain some Spanish and Italian. In 1567 Henri reestablished himself in Pau, reuniting with his mother and sister Catherine. His education was continued, this time including fencing and military arts. Five years later, after an outbreak of several religious wars, the marriage between Henri and the reining king's sister, Marguerite de Valois (a Catholic), was arranged so as to bring temporary peace to France. After Henri's mother's death, the wedding took place. The two were wed on August 18, 1572 at Notre-Dame. Little did the new king know, that day would mark the prelude of a great tragedy. During the wedding, Catherine de Medici consented to the assassination of Admiral de Coligny. On August 22 he was shot at from a window but was merely injured. The Huguenots (French Protestants) were enraged. Queen Medici finally agreed that a general massacre was the only solution to terminate Admiral de Coligny. Before dawn on Sunday, August 24, 1572, the Duc de Guise's swordsmen broke into the Admirals bedroom. He was brutally skewered with a pike, then his corpse was thrown out of a window and hanged by the ankles from the public gibbet. The signal was given and the Paris mob was unleashed. The mob was totally merciless, savagely slitting the throats of all possible Protestants without the willing pity unto children and pregnant women. The Louvre was transformed into a slaughterhouse; the bodies of dead and tortured Huguenot bodies gathered along staircases and piled up against walls. Henri and his cousin Conde were spared only for the sake that they beheld royal blood within their vanes. After that, Henri was forced to change his religion for a third time. In addition, he remained prisoner at court for four years. After the death of King Charles IX, Henry of Navarre's cousin, Henri III became king. King Henry made peace with the Huguenots. After being defeated multiple times by superior Catholic armies, King Henri III turned to Henri of Navarre for help. The help of Henri of Navarre made it once again possible for Henri III to recover his lost powers. Together the pair soon controlled the entire area between the Loire and the Seine. On July 30 he besieged Paris with an army of 40,000. On the peak of this achievement, the king was stabbed by Dominican friar, Jacques Clement. Henry III died that night after ordering his followers to take an oath of allegiance to Henri of Navarre. As result, Henri by name became king of France. However, Henri was refused loyalty by most of his subjects on account that he had been excommunicated and that he was Catholic. Only a mere sixth of France supported Henri. His only source of the reconciliation of loyalty, he soon found, would to be to appeal to those who preferred peace rather than religious war. After victoring numerous accounts of battle with Catholics, Henry IV eventually managed to besiege Paris with 15000 men in May. Unfortunately, Paris remained totally Catholic. Henri then decided to starve the city into submission rather than cause war. By July Paris was pathetically hungry. Cannibalism was a common case?children could be seen chased through the streets by starving elders. People resorted to eating dead dogs (including the skin), rats, garbage, and flour made from bones (those who ate the flour died). Thirteen thousand French died of starvation. Paris did not give up. They were by far too proud to surrender to a heretic king. That September Paris was saved by the Duke of Parma who shipped food across the Sine to the city. Henri revoked as winter drew near. In the summer of 1591 Henri was reinforced

What Are Good Topics For An Argumentative Essay?

What Are Good Topics For An Argumentative Essay?Have you ever wondered what are good topics for an argumentative essay? Do you feel that you are doing a poor job of presenting your arguments to your readers? Is there any reason that you should have spent the time to write the essay and spend the money to buy the argument you are writing about? Read on to find out what are good topics for an argumentative essay.Good topics for an argumentative essay need to be short, sweet and punchy. In fact, if the topics are too long, readers will get bored and not want to read it anymore. Make your topic brief so that you do not waste valuable reading time. If you do, then you are going to be the only one in the class who is wasting their time. Please consider this when you set out to write an argumentative essay.When you are trying to establish or answer a question, do not ramble on too much. Focus on the main question and make your answer to that question the key to the rest of your essay. You m ight just confuse your reader.Keep your facts straight and concise. However, if you have to talk about something, don't over do it. Be precise with your facts. It's okay to mention a fact that you were unable to prove but you do not have to over-explain it. It's important to keep the reader's attention in the beginning because they are going to be reading a lot more than is needed.What are good topics for an argumentative essay? The following are topics that will do the trick: General Discussion, Making a Point, Answer, Conclusion. These are just a few examples of what are good topics for an argumentative essay. Other topics include: Introduction, Positive Verdict, Outcome, Discussion. The rest are good for other purposes as well.When you find a topic you like and then you start writing, remember that it's not until you are done writing that you can put in the facts. Do not worry too much about proofreading your essay until you are sure that you have all the facts in your essay. You don't want to go through the trouble of writing one essay that is full of mistakes. So, do not worry about proofreading until you are done writing.What are good topics for an argumentative essay? These are definitely topics that you should get right. So if you have a topic that you would like to write an argumentative essay about, then I hope this article has helped you with your decision.