Developing A Model Airbag

The reaction in Trial 2 most likely went to completion because there was an extreme increase in the amount of CA gas produced and in our observations, we did not notice any reactants that had not undergone a chemical change. The more effective design of the model played a significant role in the large production of CA gas; because Model 1 exceeded the mass limit, we used materials with smaller masses when we developed Model 2.Instead of the plastic weighing oat, we used the other plastic bags and also used less tape to attach It to the inside of our bag. In our previous trial, we noticed that acetic acid was leaking through the barrier. In order to generate a more efficient separation mechanism, we placed the sodium bicarbonate in the pocket instead of the acetic acid. The higher walls of the pocket used in Model 2 also served to prevent any of the sodium bicarbonate from falling out during transportation.However, like in Trial 1/Model 1, a possible source of error may be found in Ou r measurements: it was difficult to accurately measure the volume of the acetic acid and to measure the height of our airbag after the substances inside had reacted after the â€Å"crash. † In order to improve our experiment, it would be suitable if the trials were performed in a controlled environment at STOP to rule out any external atmospheric factors.If we had also employed more accurate methods of measurement, such as using a 5 ml graduated cylinder instead of a 10 ml graduated cylinder to measure the acetic acid, we may have been able to obtain a more completed reaction. The method used to measure the dimensions and volume of the bag was a little unreliable because there was too great a chance of human error. A laboratory device, possibly electric, specifically designed to measure volume could have eliminated any discrepancies in our measurements and calculations.Model 2 would be the most appropriate design for inflating airbags. As noted in Table 1, not only did it pro duce the greatest amount of CA , even more than we had initially predicted, but it also met the mass requirements. It also included the most effective system of keeping the reactants separate but allowing them to quickly deploy when it was time to perform the trial. The high walls of the pocket were suitable for preventing the Enhance from pilling during the building or transfer of the model. The design was also lighter in mass and more compact in size.

School types and service delivery education essay

The modern school system of Sri-Lanka has its beginnings during the British colonial disposal. Schools were started by the denominational organic structures for the intent of proselytization. Later the authorities besides established schools for the instruction of the kids. The authorities schools provided direction in the national linguistic communications and there were besides bi-lingual schools ( common school ) where English was besides used. This created a double system of schools, authorities schools and denominational schools. There was besides another sort of dichotomy in that some of the denominational schools imparted English medium instruction bear downing fees from pupils which created an elitist group of schools as against the common schools supplying free instruction. As a consequence of the authorities, denominational organic structures, private organisations and persons set uping schools at that place was no planning in the location of schools. The grant of free instruction with the execution of Special Committee recommendations under the stewardship of Dr. C.W.W. Kannangara in 1945 and the return over of schools in 1960 reduced some of the unfairnesss that existed in the school system. During the last 50 old ages some grade of rationalisation has been achieved. But still there are broad differences and deficiency of uniformity in the school system.School Types and Service DeliveryAt present Sri- Lanka has a 13 twelvemonth span of schooling. Schools are classified on the footing of the educational phases available in the school and besides taking into consideration the class watercourse offered at senior secondary degree. The schools are classified by type as follows: Type 111 Schools: – Primary schools holding categories from Grade 1 to Rate 5 Type 11 Schools: – Junior schools holding categories from Grade 1 to Rate 11 1C Schools: – Senior Secondary schools holding categories from Grade 1 to Rate 13 or Rate 6 to 13 with lone Humanistic disciplines and Commerce watercourses at G.C.E. A.L 1AB Schools: – Senior Secondary schools holding categories from Grade 1 to Rate 13 or Rate 6 to Rate 13 with all 4 watercourses at G.C.E.A.L In finding the construction of the school system, one has to see the economic sciences of educational proviso. With the demographic passage, migration to urban countries and the growing of private schools, the registration of pupils in authorities schools is worsening and the figure of little schools has increased. The following table gives the distribution of authorities schools by size.Table – Government Schools by Type and Size of Student PopulationTypeSize1AB1C23Entire& lt ; 50–01 198 1334 1533 51- 100–05 611 787 1403 101 – 200–66 1419 459 1934 201 – 500 08 660 1620 183 2439 501 – 1000 106 826 295 112 1339 1001- 1500 162 256 45 28 491 1501 – 2000 142 49 08 06 205 & gt ; 2000 263 20 08 01 292 Entire 681 1883 4204 2910 9678Beginning: School Census 2007About one tierce of the schools have an registration of less than 100 students on axial rotation while there are 292 schools with over 2000 students. The little schools are disadvantaged in many facets. Dearth of physical and human resources, hapless place background of students, deficiency of community support, unavailability to modern influences such as the media are factors which compromise the rule of equity enshrined in the Constitution. Equity in instruction starts with just entree to schooling. The Education Sector Development Framework and Programme of the Ministry of Education emphasizes, guaranting equity by enabling all kids to hold entree, to take part in and complete BASIC and secondary instruction. In order to guarantee just entree to primary instruction, the authorities has established a widely scattered web of schools throughout to state.Number of Government Schools by Functional Grade Span, 2006Grade 1-5Grade 1-8Grade 1-11Grade 1-13Grade 6-11Grade 6-13Entire2486 490 4199 2213 27 299 9714Beginning: Annual School Census, Ministry of EducationThe policy of the authorities is to supply a primary school within 2 kilometers to every kid of the age scope 5 to 9 old ages and a secondary school within 4 kilometers to every kid of 10 to 16 age scope. Because of this policy a figure of schools with little categories are seen particularly in distant countries.Number of Government Schools by Size of Student Population, 2006Number / Percentage of School with& lt ; 50 Students51-100 Students101-200 Students201-500 Students501-1000Students1001-2500 Students& gt ; 2500 StudentsEntire1,549 1,392 1,966 2,514 1,340 817 136 9,714 16.0 % 14.3 % 20.2 % 25.9 % 13.8 % 8.4 % 1.4 % 100.0 %Beginning: Annual School Census, Ministry of EducationThe definition of a little school at nowadays is based on the exclusive standard of registration of pupils. Harmonizing to this standard a school holding less than 100 pupils is considered to be a little school. Under the programme â€Å" Rationalization of School Network † , in 1996, 356 little schools were reported to hold been closed, as they were presumed to be wasteful. The two chief standards for shutting schools were: Minimal registration ; and Availability of alternate educational installations within a prescribed distance. Low pupil registration was a characteristic of around 80 % of the schools that were closed. The research surveies have discovered some major grounds for the diminution in pupil registration in these schools. They are: The handiness of ‘better ‘ schools in the local environment and the aspirations of parents to direct their kids to these schools, if their household resources permitted it ( a ) the hapless direction of these little schools by Principals and the hapless quality instruction ( B ) the indifference of instruction functionaries, Principals and community leaders towards the public assistance and promotion of the kids in little schools and the attendant impairment of the quality of instruction provided in them The little schools are found tucked off in distant rural pockets, among the hills in the plantations, in new colony countries along the seashore and in the thick of overcrowded urban homes, sometimes in the shadow of popular schools. These schools add up to about 3000 which is about one tierce of the entire figure of schools providing to primary school kids. These schools cater chiefly to kids of the poorest of the hapless. They have been neglected and forgotten and the parents of these schools are less demanding and prone to accept their batch. Inadequate resources portray the disregard and deficiency of concern. The stray nature of the little schools, unequal grasp of any good work done and deficiency of supervisory and consultative aid are issues in developing these schools. Small schools have to be reviewed in the context of their scenes and entirety of the job. The many-sided nature of the job calls for a many-sided attack. While acknowledging the demand to go on with little schools where there is a existent demand and presuming that rationalisation may take to the dropout of students, at least in countries where schooling installations are available within a sensible distance, some grade of rationalisation can be accomplished. Education Sector Development Framework and Programme ( MOE, 2006 ) analyses the wastage incurred by little schools. Harmonizing to School Census, there are 258 schools with less than 15 students with a instructor student ratio of 1: 04, 717 schools with less than 25 students with a ratio of 1: 07 and 1525 schools with less than 50 students with a ratio of 1: 11. It has to be noted that when the figure of students is less, the quality of instruction imparted in such schools is besides hapless. In order to run into this state of affairs a strategy of grouping schools in a geographical country as a school household should be explored. There is besides the issue of National Schools which are managed by the Central Ministry of Education. There are no recognized standards for upgrading a school to a degree of a National School. Of the 329 national schools at present, really few conform to the criterions laid down originally for placing national schools. The standard that would warrant a school to be a National School should be the fact that kids from all over the state are admitted to that school, that it is an all island school. Admission to such schools should entirely be on virtue. There can non be a primary subdivision in a National School as admittances to primary categories are done on the footing of the propinquity of the parent ‘s abode to the school. An extra standard would be the multi-ethnic composing of the school where kids of all communities are admitted and all three media are available which would advance national coherence. Sing the demand for advancing national integrity in the present context and the function instruction can play in advancing national harmoniousness, much idea should be given for the possibility of forming multiethnic schools in countries where the communities are multiethnic. In such schools all three linguistic communications can be used as media of direction and kids will turn up together as Sri -Lankans, while understanding their heritage and esteeming the civilization of other communities. Another issue is whether the authorities should hold a monopoly of instruction or in add-on to State proviso of instruction whether private-public partnerships should be encouraged. When the schools were taken over in 1960 merely a few class 1 schools remained as private and non fee-levying schools. There was a class of schools that were fee-levying and private, i.e. those who opted to maintain off from the free instruction strategy in 1951. Since 1980s, another class of private schools have sprung up and are known as â€Å" International Schools. † These schools are registered as concern organisations with the Registrar of Companies and conflict the commissariats of the Assisted Schools and Training Colleges ( Supplementary Provisions ) Act No. 8 of 1961 which stipulates that no individual other than the Director of Education can set up a school for kids between the ages of five and 14 old ages. Further, there is a misdemeanor of the Education Amendment Act of 1945 which stipulates that the primary instruction of kids should be provided in the female parent lingua ( Sinhala or Tamil ) . To acquire over these jobs, these schools have been registered as concern organisations with the Registrar of Companies. Earlier these schools prepared kids for foreign scrutinies and direction was provided in the English medium. Now some of these schools are supplying classs based on the local course of study and the pupils sit t he local GCE ( O/L ) and ( A/L ) scrutinies as private campaigners. Some International Schools appear to supply instruction get downing from Early Childhood Care and Development Stage ( ECCD ) up to Advanced Level and Degree degree scrutinies. From the Primary Level the medium of direction is in English. The demand for popular schools is of all time increasing and the parents with moderate degrees of income, who fail to acknowledge their kids to such schools are compelled to acknowledge their kids to International Schools sing the advantage of larning English every bit good. One of the chief aims of instruction is to bring forth a Sri Lankan citizen with a common set of values. The NEC has proposed Common National Objectives for General Education. The schools established by private organisations with net income doing aims can non be expected to carry through the common aims proposed by the National Education Commission. Further, the deficiency of encouragement to larn history and national civilizations in the course of study lead to the production of persons who do non value and respect national heritage and civilization. These schools appear to be popular among certain sections of society as indicated from the rapid growing of the figure of schools. Accurate statistics of this class of schools are non available but approximative figure may be around 300. The chief attractive force to these schools is the instruction in English medium. However, most of these schools do non hold even the basic installations required for a school. Most categories are housed in residential premises and there is in sufficient infinite for kids in the schoolrooms and equal airing. Other installations for athleticss and excess curricular activities are minimum. Hence, there is a turning demand that these schools be regulated by the authorities. Another class of schools working with authorities aid are the schools supplying instruction for kids with particular demands. There are 25 Assisted Schools tally for kids with particular demands. The prevailing doctrine of particular instruction is inclusion. As these kids have to be integrated to normal society, MOE has started incorporating pupils with particular demands in normal categories. In order to point these kids to the normal school particular instruction units have been established in about 1000 schools. However, particular schools are necessary for kids with terrible disabilities.IssuesThe dichotomy of schools at the clip of independency was reduced by free instruction, displacement to national linguistic communications as the medium of direction and the cardinal school system, but the blazing disparity continues doing the policy of equal instruction chance a farce. The location of schools, peculiarly the secondary schools is non good distributed as it has been done in an unplanned manner and about all non authorities schools were located in urban countries. The imbrication of the terminology of the ‘types ‘ of schools and the attendant confusion in execution of policies and programmes. The marginalisation and the disregard of little schools which are the chief avenues of educational chance to kids of deprived households, to carry through their right to instruction. The present categorization of schools deficiencies lucidity as a effect of ad-hoc alterations over the old ages, choosing few schools and resourcing them while the hapless schools were farther neglected obliging the pupils rush to urban schools, doing the hapless schools poorer and little schools smaller. The increasing force per unit area on big popular schools in urban Centres which are undergoing uncontrolled enlargement to run into the demand ensuing in overcrowded categories where acquisition and instruction may non be effectual. Schools that have started with cultural or spiritual background want to keep the same position and individuality without altering to a multi-ethnic and multi spiritual schools. International schools which are non legal and run as concern organisations do non conform to the educational jurisprudence and do non carry through the common aims determined by the National Education Commission.ProposalsThe school should be an establishment that fulfils the right of every kid to quality instruction that aims at developing a common set of values that identifies him/her as a Sri Lankan with dedication to Motherland while esteeming one ‘s ain individuality.The authorities should set up a construction with two types of schools, viz. , primary schools holding Grades 1 to 5 and secondary schools with Grades 6 to 11 or 6 to 13.Management, facilitation and rating of all public schools should be the duty of the Provincial Department of Education. Categorization of schools by different names ( National, Navodya etc. , ) should be discontinued.Education Division should be the unit to form the web of primary and secondary schools. Each secondary school should hold at leas t 5 primary feeder schools. The figure of schools in a division should be determined by the figure of school traveling age kids in the Division.In countries where schools are far apart and student Numberss are low, primary schools may carry on categories up to Rate 9 for a fixed period of clip.In order to guarantee continuity of instruction, a kid who is finishing the primary degree should be assured of a secondary school.Small Schools, which serve the small town community demands, should be encouraged to go on by supplying them with necessary support to develop as educationally feasible establishments.All really hard and hard schools should be upgraded with both human and physical resources to supply a quality instruction to make the mark of educating all kids likewise.Mechanisms should be developed to oversee and supervise little schools in order to guarantee criterions and to take prompt remedial actions when necessary.Primary subdivision ( Grades 1-5 ) of all bing 1AB and 1C sch ools should be delinked by 2015 and map as primary schools.State should do available a primary school within a radius of 2km and a secondary school within a radius of 5km. All primary and secondary schools should supply equal resources to guarantee para and equality of the quality of instruction provided by them.All unregistered Private schools including International schools should be registered with the Provincial Departments of Education. They should be regulated with norms for appropriate physical environment, necessary makings of instructors, medium of direction and a course of study constituent related to National Heritage and kid ‘s faith issued by the Central Ministry of Education.All Private and International Schools should be capable to supervising by the Ministry of Education and Provincial Ministries of Education.All Private and International Schools should run as non-profit organisations and all net incomes obtained should be ploughed back to the development of th e school.All schools should follow a procedure of inclusive instruction for kids with particular instruction demands. However ‘Special Schools ‘ may go on for badly disabled kids who require particular intervention.Section 25 of the Assisted Schools and Training Colleges Act No. 8 of 1961 should be amended to let the enrollment of private and international schools.School Calendar and School HoursThe school calendar for the twelvemonth is determined by the MOE and is unvarying for all schools. This is necessary because of the national vacations and the demand to co-occur school vacations with the scrutinies calendar. Suggestions have made that schools should hold holidaies taking into consideration the agriculture forms of the country as older school kids take portion in agricultural activities of the family. The provincial governments may be given the discretion to amend the school calendar to accommodate local demands without upseting the school vacations and public scr utinies. The figure of school yearss at present is about 200 a twelvemonth. School hours are 5 hours for the primary and 6 hours for the secondary. In the past secondary schools had two Sessionss forenoon and afternoon with a tiffin interruption. This is desirable as pupils can take portion in extra-curricular activities without taking clip from academic Sessionss. However due to jobs in conveyance, supplying a mid twenty-four hours repast and long distance that kids have to go dual Sessionss are non executable.ProposalsThe minimal figure of school yearss must be 200 yearss a twelvemonth. The states should be given the discretion to make up one's mind on school footings taking into consideration the local demands.Classroom instruction clip per twenty-four hours should be 5 hours for the primary and 6 hours for the secondary.Admission of Children to SchoolAdmission of kids to schools is an issue that has been the topic of argument at national degree. The job is that a certain class of parents resort to all sorts of artifices to acquire their kids admitted to the so called esteemed schools. Harmonizing to the current strategy of admittances propinquity of the abode of the parents play a major portion in the choice procedure and parents resort to deceitful patterns to turn out their abode. Children are trained to express prevarications and references near to these schools fetch really high monetary values in the belongings minutess some of which are fake minutess. Even after such intense competition the bulk of the parents fail to acquire their kids admitted to the school of their pick. As a consequence of influence mongering the figure of kids in the categories has increased to unwieldy Numberss even traveling beyond 50 in certain cases. It is impossible to implement activity based, kid centred course of study in such big categories. It is non desirable to follow any assessment standards at this degree for choice of pupils. In higher categories merit as found through an a ssessment procedure can be used for choice of pupils. Committees appointed to look in to this job have come out with assorted recommendations. Some of these are making off with primary subdivisions of esteemed schools or utilizing random choice procedures. However, the really influential yesteryear student anterooms have vitiated all these moves.ProposalsAdmission of Children to SchoolAdmission to Rate 1Childs who complete 5 old ages of age by 31st January of the twelvemonth of admittance should be admitted to Rate 1.Admission to Rate 1 should be chiefly on the footing of propinquity to the school from the abode of the parents.The maximal figure of students admitted to a category on the above footing should be 35.Children should non be subjected to any kind of proving or rating for the intent of admittance to Rate 1.

Employability and Entrepreneurship Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Employability and Entrepreneurship - Assignment Example The foremost activity required by a student at such a moment is developing a career plan. Career planning from the individual’s perspective is important for a number of reasons. It provides and allows the individual to maintain self-determination and control over his or head intended work life and related experiences. It contributes to better occupation-job-organization-industry work-life decisions that may greatly enhance job mobility and progression through successive career stages. Additionally, career planning can ease the individual through various life stages and facilitate the development of meaningful non-work roles, including church leaders and civic and community volunteer efforts that complement job-career roles. Activation of the career plan entails job search, self-development, job performance, promotion and mentoring behaviors (Hunt & Michael, 1983). To initiate and perform the career planning process, a number of formats are available to an individual. These are (1) self-help, (2) consultant/counselor assistance (3) employer-sponsored help, and (4) courses offered by organizations and professional associations. Any one or more combination of two or more of these formats can yield a reasonably comprehensive career plan. The formats vary, however, in terms of depth and detail of analysis, formality, cost, and career plan specificity. A step-by - step approach would prove to be effective in landing upon the most appropriate decisions on opting for a specific career. ... available to an individual. These are (1) self-help, (2) consultant/counselor assistance (3) employer-sponsored help, and (4) courses offered by organizations and professional associations. Any one or more combination of two or more of these formats can yield a reasonably comprehensive career plan. The formats vary, however, in terms of depth and detail of analysis, formality, cost, and career plan specificity. A step-by - step approach would prove to be effective in landing up on the most appropriate decisions on opting for a specific career. Methodology The expansion of particular sectors of the economy, like demographic trends, is only part of what contributes to greater employment opportunities for graduates. Some jobs and careers require a specific degree subject, especially in the fields of science, technology and engineering. However around 60% of advertised graduate vacancies are open to all degree disciplines which means that one have a broad range of career options open to oneself. For instance, When making career choices, the number of possibilities opens to English graduates, like other non-vocational graduates, is immense. Most 'top' employers in the UK make most of their jobs open to graduates irrespective of the subject of their degrees. For English graduates then, their subject of study can therefore be regarded as less important than other factors such as intellect, attitudes, social fit and prestige of their university. Awareness of Employment Opportunities in Accountancy: During the last half-century, accounting has gained the same professional status as the medical and legal professions. Today, the accountants in many

Buying Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Buying Decision Making - Essay Example Second, sleek exteriors and interior designs that fit a driver's proportions as well as easy vehicular entry and exit, minimal maintenance, good visibility, storage space, and effortless parking are important to women and men ". We have found that by meeting women's expectations, we exceeded those of most men," says Hans-Olvo Olsson, president and CEO of Volvo cars, a unit of Ford Motor Company. Not surprisingly, 54% of Volvo buyers in North America are women. Third, women approach car buying in a deliberate manner. They frequently visit auto-buying websites and scan car advertisements to gather information, but recommendations of friends and relations matter most. Women shop an average of three dealerships before making a purchase decision one more than men. Recognizing that women as purchasers and influencers in car and truck buying have also altered the behaviour of dealers. Many dealers now use a one-price policy and have stopped negotiation a vehicles price. Industry research in dicates that 68% of new car buyers dread the price negotiation process involved in buying a car and women often refuse to do it at all (Business week, March 15, 2004). The above example clearly shows that how women influence purchaser decision-making process. If we carefully study the consumers we find that their behaviour is intricate and complex. Behaviour of the consumers is subtle in nature, making it difficult to understand fully. Consumer behaviour is so prevalent; it significantly affects our lives either through our own action or those of other consumers. Therefore it has a great deal of practical relevance to our daily lives. What is consumer behaviour Consumer behaviour may be defined as: The decision process and physical activity individuals engage in when evaluating acquiring, using or disposing of goods and services. Potential adopters of free services or even philosophies or ideas can also be encompassed by the definition of consumer. But our primary attention will be directed toward ultimate consumers, those individuals who purchase for the purpose of individual or household consumption. Ultimate consumers also reveals much about industrial and intermediate buyers and others involved in purchasing for business firms and institutions (Harward & Sheth, 1969) But we must recognize that most industrial buyers or purchasing behaviour is unique because it often involves different buying motives and the influence of a large variety of people (Sheth, 1973). People can take different roles in what we have defined consumer behaviour. Consumer behaviour is seen to involve a mental decision process as well as physical activity. Consumer behaviour is not just an act of purchasing but it is a complex process of decision-making. Viewing consumer behaviour in such a broad context suggests it is actually a subs et of human behaviour. Internal influences, such as learning and motives as well as external factors, such as social expectations and constraints, affects us in our role as consumers as well as in our other capacities. In fact, it is often difficult to draw a distinct line between consumer related behaviour and aspects of human behaviour. Reasons to study consumer behaviour: In a general sense, the most important reasons of studying consumer behav

Management in context Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management in context - Assignment Example According to the authors of this article, in order to avoid the negative connotation that have become associated with the title ‘manager,’ they have resorted to titles like professional, entrepreneur or project leader. The author not only expresses strong feelings about the behavior of managers but also condemns it, thereby calling for changes to be made on the responsibilities that go with this title. The way every context that the authors looks at the title is simple spellbinding, which therefore calls for serious research and analysis on management as a discipline in order to correct the situation (Brocklehurst, Grey and Sturdy, 2010). Surprises in JA2 Academicians and intellectuals in our business school are increasingly joining the chorus of castigating and condemning management practices which is a complete departure from the initial support that they exhibited on the management practice as we know it today. This article explores managers’ obsession with the so-called intellectual slavery with roots in explicit ideas that senior personnel in organization acquired in their respective business schools. According to the authors, the MBA has become a means of acquiring appropriate ways of management to gain self confidence for legitimate social privileges in senior management (Sturdy, Brocklehurst, Winstanley, et al, 2006). They are taught that managers cannot be trusted hence should maximize shareholder’ wealth in order to reconcile their interest and that of their employers (shareholder) as a way of overcoming the agency problems. This is particularly evident in cases where opportunities for application of management practices in organization are viewed as inappropriate within organizations. Therefore, tight monitoring should be an appropriate strategy of preventing people from pursuing opportunistic behavior at the expense of practices that are of the common good to the organization. It is in the context of this disparity that a regulatory framework should be devised as a mean of safeguarding the interests of the suppliers, customers, employees and most importantly, shareholder. The article however, points out the need to explore academic knowledge beyond that of transforming ideas of the discursive content to identify towards ideas associated with effective work .I suggest business school should provide moral theories inspired to free them from immoral responsibility by ensuring centrally based education in the organization. The evidence In both articles, authors defend their work by use of books, journals, web pages and research and study institution. According to Sturdy, Brocklehurst, Winstanley, et al (2006), there is more concern on the de-legitimization of a company as institutions and management as a profession. This will be brought about partly by the acceptance of these thoughts when ignored as vital elements of management. Several scholars have recently voiced their concern about the current state of management research and pedagogy. While training people on organization design focusing on transaction cost economics, it is imperative for trainers to ensure that there is firm monitoring as well as control of people so as to curb opportunistic behavior (Brocklehurst, Grey & Sturdy, 2010). Comparison The term management generally refers to

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing - Essay Example There are various reasons, which lead to the effective marketing of certain brands than others in the same market. This paper looks at the reasons, which make certain companies such as Unilever, and Good Foods brands gain market dominance quickly than other brands such as Nike and Adidas. One main reason why companies gain market dominance quickly than other brands is the capital invested in the company. This is because these companies have enough capital obtainable to pay for set-up costs and any preliminary losses. These companies’ gains these funds from two main sources. This are from other departments of the company, such as Unilever getting the finance to fund its tea processing from the soap-manufacturing department, or in the other countries where the company has invested, such as a Unilever brand operating in the US borrowing money from a Unilever brand operating in UK. The first strategy of borrowing from a different department is known as diversification process and is usually associated with big companies. The second strategy is known as globalization of markets which results from pressures from competing companies in the same market. ... een in history whereby the legislature enact laws which is a political strategy to develop the national economies that has provided critical protection and support to by creating barriers of entry into the market. Examples of political strategies used are the formation of many licenses, which a company has to fulfill in order to be allowed to operate in a given country. Moreover, some countries create barriers of entry in increasing the tax payable to the government by a foreign company. For instance, in Kenya, a company has to pay a tax of 30% of its total earnings in order to be allowed to operate in that country (Creamer & Neil, 2008, p.8). Furthermore, these companies benefit from excess demands, which surpass their supply. Unilever Company and Good Foods Companies deal with highly perishable goods and which are necessities. These goods enable the company to have regular demand since, for people to live they have to have the necessity as compared to the luxury goods produced by N ike and Adidas. The regular demand enables the company to have a high profit level allowing them to expand. Consequently, this company uses this profit to form a good base by investing in newer markets and developing brands, which will in turn make profit for them (Creamer, 2008, p.5). To buy a product from Nike and Adidas companies, a customer has to spend a lot of money as compared to buying a product from other sporting brands such as Puma and Umbro. By raising their products prices, these companies’ makes mistakes by becoming complacent thus allowing other big firms to develop and therefore undermine their position in the market. In addition, they allow other smaller companies such as Legea, to expand and therefore increase the competition (Hall & Mark, 2000, p.5). Besides, companies

Intergrating Cases (BMW's dream factory and Culture) Essay

Intergrating Cases (BMW's dream factory and Culture) - Essay Example Schein (2004:20) states that an occupation involving intense period of education and training, shared learning of attitudes, norms and values will be assumed to be taken for granted for the members of the group. Organizational culture is essential for successful organizational change as well as maximizing the value of human capital and to create management competency. (Management Heaven, 2009) The cultural strength of BMW can be measures in term of its policies involving employees in decision making process an through profit sharing initiative much EU introduced and its leadership strategy to ask questions to get the best answer. BMW introduces several development programmes from manufacturing plants at Leipzig and providing flexibility and innovations in the design as per the customers' requirement and the employees have a sense of history, vision and mission once they set foot inside the company which immediately gives the employees a sense of meaning to their job which ultimately shows that BMW is empowered with good organizational culture. 2) Leadership Model and Its Impact on BMW Culture Davis, Inc (2003:7) supports Schein's statement that process of culture creation is the essence of leadership and that leadership and culture are two sides of same coin. It is further stated that leaders create and change the organizational culture whereas the managers and administrators apply themselves to that culture. Leaders need to act as role model, have realistic visions, personal performance, willingness to change, create a working environment stimulating enthusiasm and enjoyment which is prevalent in BMW as the employees and high level executives and other professionals work side by side applying their ideas and thoughts to carve out better design. (Pergamon Flexibile Learning, 2005) BMW gets much of its strength from unparalleled labors that are flexible enough to work extra hours to meet the financial targets. BMW followed an unusual strategy like once the employees were rewarded for the creative error of the month with a bottle of fine wine from the boss's cellar and the employee was recognized for an outstanding and bold idea, which was well planned but failed working on the idea for three years. The idea by the leaders was to remove the stigma of making mistakes at work while innovation. (EmeraldInsight, 2006) BMW leadership stressed more on encouraging their employees which motivates them to work harder, intelligently and effectively. Thus BMW leadership model is very effective in achieving optimum output without have significant effect on the culture. 3) Employee Satisfaction Hellriegel and Slocum (2008) states that an organization need to motivate its present and future employees by providing utmost job satisfaction. Some of the key job characteristics to motivate employees at workplace include basic human needs, designing jobs that motivate people,

Of Man and the stream of time by Rachel Carson Essay

Of Man and the stream of time by Rachel Carson - Essay Example Carson’s essay proposes a thesis that the sole objective of man in his nature is to make nature submissive yet nature is not something to be conquered but to be made accommodative. As human beings continue to find new ways to harness the natural resources, they end up destroying the nature itself.Carson has adequately supported the thesis through her expression of emotions related to how people treats nature wrongly. The fact that it took her ten years to prepare for this perspective is an indication enough that the thesis is researched comprehensively. The writer then explains how the efforts that man has been putting to control nature have given less that positive results. The misuse of knowledge and technology that destroys nature makes man feel that he is making the nature submissive. What he does not realize is that nature fights back even more strongly. The writer’s argument begins with statements on what the feelings about nature and the implication of human activities are. Carson describes what she feels are the wrong actions of man towards his efforts to tame nature. With this, she takes the reader back to the historic perspective of nature protection. She illustrates the difference in the views are currently from the traditional views. In the end, the writer regrets that her generation was unable to give a positive report and hopes that the current generation will do better.

The Opportunities and Challenges of Transforming Government Entities Literature review

The Opportunities and Challenges of Transforming Government Entities into Smart Organizations - Literature review Example The factor of sustainability is an essential component in these transformations to smart organizations as more focus is on the environment, social, financial and political sustainability. However, while undertaking an initiative to transform government entities into smart organizations there are diverse challenges which are observed that restricts the path to attain specific goals or to sustain service. These challenges are linked with various fields and are often the primary cause behind the failure of smart government initiatives. In this particular study, not only will the opportunities be highlighted which is associated with such transformation but it will even encompass the probable challenges that can be regarded as an area of concern for such government entities. Smart government initiative can be considered to be an agenda which is echoed by everybody in the present scenario due to various reasons. It is an initiative that is undertaken so as to apply information technology, communication and operation across a wide range of jurisdictions, processes, and domains, with only one purpose, that is to generate sustainable public value (Hevner & Chatterjee, 2010, pp. 27). The two factors which are common in any smart government initiative are flexibility and effectiveness. The success of any such initiative is major because of its alignment with mission, the effectiveness of service and operational efficiency which provides required flexibility in any particular situation. This study will outline the various approaches related to the smart government which is taking place in different countries along with Dubai. In the end, a conceptual model will be incorporated to determine the failure and success factors related to smart government. Further analysis conducted in this study will be based on the adopted conceptual framework.  

Impact of Oil Discovery on State-building in Saudi Arabia Essay

Impact of Oil Discovery on State-building in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example Unlike other countries that have a diversified economy, Saudi Arabia depends on oil revenue to build its economy. However, oil prices have become very volatile with prices surging up and down, an aspect that affects the consistency of the country’s economy. The reason is that the country depends heavily on the global oil market which is faced by very high risks and uncertainties in order to make its future plans regarding the progress of the economy. With the increasing levels of globalization resulting from the liberalization of markets, efficient flow of information and integration of economies across the world, it has become very hard for a single country to make its single decisions without considering the effects of the global market. However, unlike other countries which have a diverse source of revenues, Saudi Arabia has stuck with oil in order to spearhead growth and development of the economy. Therefore, since the financial crisis which had a major impact on the spend ing of many countries, the Saudi economy has been greatly affected. This aspect has stalled very many projects which could have stabilized the economy. The oil discovery has enabled the country to establish various structures that make it possible for the country to achieve economic growth. Research indicates that the Saudi government has been critical in investing in the education sector. The country has improved the infrastructures in this sector. It has equipped its research centers especially the departments that deal with oil production.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviewing as Data Collection Tool Essay Example for Free

Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviewing as Data Collection Tool Essay Interviewing is a data collection tool that works best in many cases when the intent is to have an understanding of the â€Å"underlying reasons and motivations for people’s attitudes, preferences or behavior. † One of the good things about interviewing is that it can be done in person, through telephone, at work, at home, or at an agreed location. It also works best if the interviewer wants information straight out of the respondent. It is more appropriate to use as a supplement to other data collection tools such as observations and questionnaires. Furthermore, the interviewer can ask in-depth questions to further validate the provided information or to ask follow-up questions (Smith and Albaum, 2005, p. 187). Another advantage of this method is that it reduces the number of â€Å"no answer† and â€Å"do not know† responses, which is more likely to happen in data collection tools such as questionnaires and surveys. Furthermore, interviewing can accommodate clarity, which then leads to more relevant responses (â€Å"Data-Collection Tools,† n. d. , p. 119). Disadvantages Like other data collection tools, interviewing has its disadvantages as well, such as the bias of the interviewer. This is because the interviewer makes sense of the information based on his or her perception and experiences. Another disadvantage is the response bias, which occurs when the questions are too embarrassing or personal. Thus, inaccuracy in terms of the response of the interviewee tends to take place. Interviewing also costs high because there are instances when the person to conduct the interview needs to travel (â€Å"Data-Collection Tools,† n. d. ). Also, interview is oftentimes used as a substitute for other more effective data collection tools. Some variables may also affect the flow of the interview, such as facial expressions, appearance, and voice. Interviewing is also time-consuming and requires the interviewer to be more sensitive and psychologically insightful (Smith and Albaum, 2005, p. 187). References â€Å"Data-Collection Tools. † (n. d. ). Retrieved April 3, 2009, from http://www. iir. com/nygc/acgp/assessment/assessment_chapter9. pdf Smith, S. M. and Albaum, G. S. (2005). Fundamentals of marketing research. United States: SAGE.

Reflection on Leadership, Communication and Teamwork

Reflection on Leadership, Communication and Teamwork 1.0 Introduction Complexities in assignments and projects have facilitated the adoption of team approaches to problem solving. In many learning institutions and places of work, team approach has led to different people being brought together in order to benefit from their varying but combined experience and manpower. Studies by Pokras (2002) have revealed that team members perform to their best standards if a common target or goal had been readily identified before the formation of the team. Identification of the common goal in initial stages is the key to team success since every team has its own defined roadmap for achieving the identified goal. Achievement of the target also involves each team member identifying his role in the team and doing his best to achieve it. Team members are likely to encounter challenges when working on achieving their common goals. To ensure success in their teams, they need to understand overall issues that affect the performance of their members. In line with the above, this written report seeks to reflect on the overall team experience as was displayed by Team 4 members when they undertook tutorial preparation and tutorial discussion assignments. The report identified the observations on team experience; dynamics and development. The varying characteristics of Team 4 members were also noted and are also described in this report. The report goes ahead to link the observations of Team 4 members to the various academic theories on team experience. Secondary literatures addressing team experience themes are consulted for the proposed academic theories. The report then concludes with reasons on why Team 4 experiences were as observed and noted. Recommendations are the provided on how best Team 4 members can improve their future team spirits and experiences. It is our desire that any team reading this report will find it interesting and valuable for their future use. 2.0 Observations of Team Experience As the name suggests, Team 4 was constituted by 4 members; 1 female and 3 males. To hold each member accountable on his/her role in the group, Team 4 members decided to nickname each member. As such, the following members made up Team 4; Member 1, Member 2, Member and Member 4. The observations below have adopted this naming. During their first meeting, Team 4 members unanimously agreed on the use of face to face, Skype, and mobile phone services of voice and short messaging services (sms) as avenues of carrying out the discussion. Amongst the 3, face to face communication was the most frequently used method of carrying out the team work since members consented to the idea that immediate feedbacks were easily passed between them when using this method. Most observations were therefore noted during the face to face sessions. The overall rating for the observations made can be summarised as 70% positive and 30% negative. The following is a presentation of some of the major observations as displayed by Team 4 members. The presentation involved identification of key variables and the observations made on members. 2.1 Leadership Roles Though it was earlier on agreed that leadership role at Team 4 was to rotational, it was observed that some members feared the responsibility of assuming leadership roles when it came to their turns. The creation of the tutorials for presentation in class called for each team member to assume a leadership role on a rotational basis. This was considered key to success of any team since each team was to be later on required to successfully present their tutorials before the class. The presentations required every member of the group to take a leadership role at the time of presentation and therefore the reluctance by Member 2 and Member 4 to assume leadership roles caused a lot of worries to Member 1 and Member 3 since it was projected that it would impact negatively on the overall performance of Team 4. During the initial meetings, Members 2 and 4 would faithfully request any of their colleagues to volunteer by taking up the leadership roles on their behalf. Reasons put forward in the ir defence were that they deemed themselves less skilled when it came to creating slides and providing the logical structure upon which discussion topics were to be handled. One member, Member 2, was even bold enough to state before the other members that he lacked the courage to articulate issues before a group of people. To correct on this, Members 1 and 3 had to assume guidance and encouragement roles. In encouraging the two to improve on their courage, Members 1 and 3 borrowed Topchik (2007) motivational quote that called on fearful people to focus on by speaking up and listening openly for them to built trust (p.10). As time wore on and more meetings were held, Members 2 and 4 were able to develop their courage and lead the discussions to the best of their understanding. They could usher in members to give out their suggestions as well as interrupt them to allow their colleagues to seek clarifications in areas where they felt dissatisfied. 2.2 Knowledge on Topics Discussed It was observed that the four members experienced variations when it came to understanding the topics under discussion. For instance, in one session Member 1 emerged as the most knowledgeable in identifying and linking the relationships between various sub-topics. In the succeeding session, Member 3 assumed this role. These variations helped the sharing of knowledge amongst Team 4 members. 2.3 Contributing Towards Discussion Topics Though Members 2 and 4 had initially shown fearful factors, it was observed that all Team 4 members took an active role in contributing towards topics at hand. Everybody would seek an opportunity to express his ideas, and his colleagues would either agree or disagree on the particular members points. 2.4 Conflicts and Disagreements As every member became active in the discussions, it was observed that Team 4 members could not hold to each others opinions and wishes. A practical case emerged one Saturday when Member 1 proposed and insisted that every member was to present to the class the section which he or she oversaw as the leader of the team. In sticking to his view, Member 1 claimed that it was common sense that as a leader of the session, each leader stood a better chance of presenting the section to the class. However, his colleagues completely objected to his opinion on the view that teamwork and team spirit called on all members to have an even understanding of all the issues discussed by the team, and as such, each had an equal understanding of the sections. To them, anyone could comfortably present any section. The disagreement arising from this varied opinions boiled to the extent that all members had to unanimously agree to call off the session to avoid on the impending physical fights. However, on a positive note, Member 1 had to drop his hard line stance and adopt other members suggested random selection. 2.5 On the Issue of Time It was observed that members attended to sessions on time. Only one chance of late arrival was observed when Member 3 arrived 30 minutes late into the discussion. However, she had written a phone message to every member of the team to inform them of her late arrival since she was held up on traffic at the time of the meeting. 3.0 Theoretical Evaluation Institutions of learning and business organizations have continued with their adopted norm of using team approach as the tool for achieving specific tasks. Teams continue to gain increasing attention as potentially important organization assets (Zayed and Kamel, 2005, p.1). The increased adoption of team approach or team experience across these institutions has called for the need to provide information on the themes and dynamics involved in teamwork to help them achieve or attain their set targets. These may include amongst others; 3.1 Definition of Teams Teams are groups of individuals who accomplish designated objectives by working independently, communicating effectively, and making decisions that affect their work (Topchik 2007, p.7). On their part, Zayed and Kamel (2005) defined teams as two or more independent individuals who interact with and influence one another in order to accomplish a common purpose (p.1). From his research, Pokras (2002) summarised team chemistry as consisting of the following three parts; communication, consensus and contracting (11). From the definitions above it can be deduced that Team 4 comprised of the four individuals who worked to achieve a common goal of preparing tutorials on selected topics for presentation. They interacted through face to face, Skype or messaging and talking on phone. Zayed and kamel (2005) noted that many people across business fields had come to replace the term group with team. To such people, the two words mean the same and can therefore be used interchangeably. 3.2 Succeeding as a Team: Levels Involved The joining together of members to form a team does not guarantee the success of the particular team. The formation stage may bring together quiet, cautious or tentative members who may take a while before starting to go through the storming stage (Zayed Kamel, 2005, p.10). The storming process may involve team members studying each others tensions, differences as well as conflicts. After learning of members characteristics, team members advance into the second stage where they actively concentrate on solving their problems. Teams achieve their goals when members start interacting smoothly. At this level, each member is energetic, dynamic and productive leading to the team attaining success by achieving their set common goal. 3.3 Characteristics of a Good Team According to RIC Publishers (2003), good team members listen to each other, cooperate, have clear team goals and allow each member to freely express his or her opinions (p.24). On his part, Topchik (2007) went on to postulate that best team experiences had roles of each member clearly defined, had members who were open and honest in communication, had a supportive and knowledgeable manager, allowed members to freely make decisions and rewarded or recognized its members when they successfully achieved its goals (p.6). 4.0 Conclusion Though little disagreements were observed in Team 4s meeting sessions, the team successfully achieved its goal of creating presentation tutorials. This was reflected in the comprehensive and detailed tutorials that were successfully presented to the class on the presentation day. The ability of the all Team 4 members to respond confidently and accurately presentation questions also contributed in highlighting the teams success. In assessing the hard line stands taken by some team members, it was concluded that the decision by the teacher not to give due attention to members characteristics at the time of forming the teams may have played a facilitation role. As Topchick (2007) notes, when forming a team, the individuals skills, knowledge and experience should constitute the number one criteria for team membership (p10). 5.0 Recommendation Best on Team 4s achieved results; the following recommendations stand to be made. Team 4 members should learn the importance of recognizing each others contributions. This makes every team member to feel that his/her work is very meaningful and important. As such more contributions are likely to be forwarded by the motivated team members. The rotational team leaders should know that their leadership roles involve coordinating member activities. They should therefore not get discouraged or shy away from assuming these leadership roles based on their inferiority complex. Drawing from Dan and Lane (2008) works, team members who initially declined to take up their leadership roles are informed that effective team leaders are tasked with enabling everyone to contribute their unique skills (p.307). Members should be in a position to accommodate the views of other members by dropping their hard line stands. Team works are intended to avail avenues for their colleagues to share their opinions and arrive at common stands. Lastly and as Exley and Dennick (2004) opine, in cases where members are handling complex topics, several discussion sessions should be created to help members to research more on the topic at hand. This will help them to develop and accumulate knowledge on these topics.

Mainstream Media Is The Mouthpiece Media Essay

Mainstream Media Is The Mouthpiece Media Essay There is no doubt that mainstream media and social networking websites have ballooned over the past few years to encourage the acceptance of 1Malaysia Concept to citizens. The 1Malaysia Concept was initiated by Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Abdul Razak on 16 September 2010, as a platform to build upon the unique strength of the diversity of multiracial Malaysia. It is the Prime Ministers fervent belief that the preservation and enhancement of this unity in diversity will remain the countrys best hope for the future. So promoting the realization and greater understanding of the 1Malaysia Concept by Malaysians is extremely important for the mainstream media to cover by reaching citizens. This 1Malaysia program consists of 1Malaysia Shop, 1Malaysia Clinic, 1Malaysia Menu, 1Malaysia Peoples Housing (PR1MA), to help the middle income group to have better access to house ownership and 1Malaysia Peoples Taxi (TR1MA) aimed at improving the countrys public transport services and so on t hat provides many benefits and services that citizens can enjoy and save money. According to The Star Online News (Understanding 1Malaysia, Joshua Foong, 2010), various strategies, programs and activities have been implemented through the ministries various departments and agencies to promote the 1Malaysia Concept. In order to take stock on the effectiveness of the 1Malaysia promotional initiatives, the ministry undertook a random survey on the extent of the peoples public awareness, understanding and acceptance of the 1Malaysia Concept as part of the ministrys KPI (MKPI). According to figures by the ministry, a total of 12,212 respondents participated with 82% from the number saying they were aware of 1Malaysia and while a further 69% understood the concept. The ministry targets on having at least 50% of the total population of 27mil in accepting the 1Malaysia concept this year. A statement released by the ministry said continuous dissemination of key messages on the 1Malaysia Concept will be a pivotal factor towards inculcating better understanding and accepta nce of the concept by Malaysians in time to come. From here, we know that media plays an important role to deliver the government policies or information to citizens. We have employed various channels to spearhead the promotion. They include the electronic media (TV and radio), print media (newspapers, booklets, leaflets and posters), new media (websites, blogs, Facebook), face-to-face communication (talks, briefings, seminars) as well as cultural activities (acting, singing and dance performances), said by Datuk Seri Dr Rais Yatim. Such dedicated programs and activities all over the country have received positive response, strong support and participation from all sectors of the community, heralding much promise for the future. (Understanding 1Malaysia, Joshua Foong, 2010). Despite the traditional mainstream media, new social media technologies such as facebook and blogs are being used by the government to promote and encourage citizens to accept this information, resulted the 1Malaysia Concept are getting popular. While in (Najib Urges Media to Help Promote Mederation, 2010) our Prime Minister urged the media to play the role as a promoter of moderation to take back the centre and reclaim the agenda for peace and pragmatism. He said the movement of the moderates could marginalize the extremists, and that the media had a significant role to play in this quest. While according to The News Straits Time (1Malaysia concept a great vision,2012), the 1Malaysia Concept is a great vision in promoting unity not only to the Malaysian people but also to the region, United Nations secretary-general Ban Ki-moon said today. He said the concept could help in raising tolerance towards the different religions, cultures and traditions as Malaysia is a multi-ethnic, religious and cultural country.    Another article from The Star Online News (Najib: Translate 1Malaysia concept to benefit people, 2012), Najib said the Barisan Nasional government had introduced various 1Malaysia services and products to assist the people, such as 1Malaysia Peoples Aid (BR1M), which was warmly received. 1He said the 1Malaysia Concept should be translated into something tangible and benefits the people and not just remains political rhetoric. He emphasized that more 1Malaysia services and products were needed to help ease the rise in the cost of living. For example, specially-composed 1Malaysia songs and the 1Malaysia advertisement are aired daily via various TV and radio stations run by RTM. In Ai FM radio station, we can hear that the radio station everyday aired the information about 1Malaysia Concept in attempts to encourage citizen to accept the 1Malaysia Concept. For the private networks as well, they are tends to promote this concept and resulted the 1Malaysia Concept have been well-received a nd getting popular. Additionally, according to The Star Online News (Understanding 1Malaysia, Joshua Foong, 2010), showed that, around 18,070 lectures have been conducted by the information department this year in 139 districts involving about 550,000 people. Booklets and leaflets on 1Malaysia have been distributed as well at the state and district levels to be used as handy reference. The ministry has also been working towards disseminating the 1Malaysia concept to all participants undergoing National Service training (PLKN). From the articles above, we can see that various channels or mainstream media are being used by the governments to disseminate the 1Malaysia Concept that brings a lot of benefits to the citizens. Many channels have been covering this policies information to reach different levels of the citizens, and keep emphasize and re-emphasize the idea of 1Malaysia Concept is to harmonize citizens of different races in this country. As we can see that, the ways the mainstream media in order to cover 1Malaysia Concept is very neutral but had successfully shape the citizens mind gained the attention and the acceptance of citizens. More and more citizens can understand the concept for a better tomorrow. However, in today advanced social networking era, we can see that more and more people are using social media sites to get news and share the information, such as Facebook, Youtube, Twitter and so on. Facebook is the top media site in Malaysia and there are 90% of Malaysian uses Facebook as their prime social media network. In order to attract more citizens get to know about 1Malaysia Concept, or even to convenience the citizens to get more information, it is found that there were a homepage of 1Malaysia existing in Facebook that citizens can get the information and share it among their friends around the world. Other than that, the government also created a website of 1Malaysia The Personal Website of Dato Sri Najib Razak that intended to provide a free and open forum to discuss the things that matter deeply to us as a Nation. The website provides a chance to express and explore the many perspectives of citizens. Citizens can download the booklet as well from the website to get mor e detail about what kind of benefits that as a Malaysian can enjoy. In terms of today commercial culture, advertisements exist at anywhere and anytime. People are highly exposed with the advertisement indirectly. The 1Malaysia advertisement can be found in local newspaper, TV or radio advertisement as well as social network, shopping malls, billboards along the road and so on to make the advertisement intangible in order to reach everyone and their target audiences. We can see the logo of 1Malaysia Concept at anywhere especially in government webpage, government office, government clinic and hospital, banners of PROTONS flyer and even can be found in the products of goods which is made from Malaysia. TV and radio are the most effective ways to make the citizens to accept the 1Malaysia Concept because the 1Malaysia Concept. According to mass society theory, media were seen as only one of many disruptive forces, cancerous force within society and have to be purged or totally restructured. Media have the power to reach out and directly influence the min ds of average people. Once the peoples minds are corrupted by media, all sorts of bad, long-term consequences result bringing not only ruin to individual lives but also creating social problems on a vast scale. As it is say that, people are vulnerable to media because they have been cut off and isolated from traditional social institutions that previously protected them from manipulation. But in propaganda theories, media became the focus of attention. One of the common propaganda techniques is intended to make many people respond to the information overload situation pressured by processing the messages as quickly as possible, therefore by making mental short cuts. In addition, propaganda theory also is the no-hold-barred use of communication to propagate specific beliefs and expectations. For example, the slogan of 1Malaysia Concept in recent and past few year which in year For example, the slogan of 1Malaysia Concept in recent and past few year which in year 2009 People First, Performance Now (Rakyat Didahulukan, Pencapaian Diutamakan), in year 2010 Generating Transformation  (Menjana Transformasi), in year 2011 Transformation Successful, People Prosperous (Transformasi Berjaya, Rakyat Sejahtera), and in year 2012 Promises Fulfilled (Janji Diterpati). It is can say that the used of the slogans in 1Malaysia Concept is to make the citizens believe in, seek to g ain the support and acceptance from the citizen as well as other expectations. In other words, the uses of propaganda attempt to change the way of people act and influence their perceptions. The social chaos initiated by media will inevitably be resolved by establishment of a totalitarian social order. In other word, mass media should debase higher forms of culture, bringing about a general decline in civilization. While in modern propaganda theory, the argument of this modern propaganda theory is that powerful elites are so thoroughly control the mass media and their content that they have little trouble imposing their truth on the culture. The theory is facilitated by three factors i.e. an audience, the use of sophisticated polling and survey procedures, and the incorporation of media companies into mega conglomerates. These factors combine to put untold power in the hand of powerful business and governmental elites without the publics awareness whether the information is true or not. In conclusion, in nation all over the world, the media has to adapt to the political system in which they are operating. How much freedom that the media can enjoys is indicative by the political system that they operate in. In a democracy country, media and politics will always have close ties. Mainstream media is the mouthpiece of the government in nation to disseminating the information on government policies, programs and messages to the citizen. But because of the mainstream media is often heavily influenced by the governments and corporate stockholders, the news it reports on is often kept as neutral as possible or typically of general interest, to avoid losing members and the audience, therefore, they avoid reporting on controversial or sensitive topics especially topics about cultures and religions. For this reason, some people speak disparagingly about the mainstream media, arguing that issues of importance often do not reach the general public. No private-owned newspaper or radio and TV stations are allowed to discriminate the government openly and thus no dissident voice is heard. The government decides what kind of information the citizens should know and the government tends to control or regulate the media by laws but allowed a certain degree of freedom, as long as the media operates within the prescribed perimeter, it will not be harassed. Mainstream media is often associated with reliability and integrity, enforced by firm journalistic standards and the presence of supervisors and review boards who are supposed to ensure that the news is accurately reported. However, the mainstream media is also accused by some individuals of being extremely biased. The political leanings of major media companies may come out in the type of coverage it has, for example, and the choice to refrain from publicizing controversial stories may be viewed as a lapse of integrity. Social justice issues often receive scant coverage in the mainstream media, to the frustrati on of people who want to alert people to such issues. Because of this, more and more people are moving forward to look for other sources that allowed them to know the truth, whether the 1Malaysia Concept is really beneficial as a citizens of Malaysia. The internet has held hope for many Malaysians who are seeking wider democratic space, to enhance freedom of expression and democracy in Malaysia.

Americanization of the Australian Media Essay -- miscellaneous

Americanization of the Australian Media The Australian television and media have become americanised through the influence of American media and television programs in Australia. This research will only concentrate on the extent of Americanisation in Australia through the influence on television and the film industry as the aspect of Americanisation covers a wide range from fashion to language. To fully understand the topic of the hypothesis, proper exploration of the definitions of ‘identity’ and ‘culture’ are of relevance. ‘Identity’ and ‘culture’ play an integral role in what an Australian represents as well as how the world views Australians. The meaning of ‘identity’ can be summarized as; ‘The collective aspect of the set of characteristics by which a thing is definitively recognizable or known’ as well as ‘the set of behavioral or personal characteristics by which an individual is recognizable as a member of a group’ (Meriam-Webster 2003). Culture one the other hand, can be simply coined as ‘the way of life’, language and traditions that are common amongst a group of people (Meriam-Webster 2003). The Australian identity and culture is something that is unique and exclusive to its people, word like ‘barby’, ‘g’day mate’ and ‘tinnies’ immediately refers to Australia. Australians pride themselves as hard-working, humourous and jovial people, who love the outdoors and good food. But in recent times we notice that Australians, are not being ‘Australian’ enough. Gone are the days where men wore rabbit-fur and trusty leather work-shoes. New York Yankees caps worn backwards and polished white Adidas Superstar sneakers coupled with denims worn below the hips instead have replaced these. Ten years ago, the mentioned situation could only exist in the United States of America. Today we see it happening in almost all major cities and suburbs in Australia (Mengel 2001, pers. comm., 11 Aug) Throughout the years, we have heard the term Americanisation frequently invoked but seldom defined. Originally, ‘Americanisation’ was the label used to define the assimilation of immigrants and other minorities seeking citizenship in the United States of. In most cases, ‘Americanisation’ was defined broadly as ‘The process by which an alien acquires our language, citizenship, customs and ideas’. (Bell & Bell, 1998:2) The overall term ‘Americanisation’ is most of t... ...sed, as cultural absorbtion not necessarily means that America is exerting dominance over Australia. A somewhat fairer comment on Americanisation would be,â€Å"What’s new about American culture invading Australia? Nothing. Australia might look, absorb, then move on to its own beat† (Mengel 2001, pers. comm. 11 Aug.) According to Mengel, this may be exactly what Australia along with the rest of the world is experiencing. There is no doubt that USA has managed to spread just about everything from fashion to fast food to hip-hop music throughout the world creating a popular culture. Australians may enjoy and appreciate this popular culture, but this by no means making them any less Australian (people still prefer watching cricket to professional wrestling e.g. WWE Smackdown) (Bennett 1999, p.208). An interesting fact is that the USA has its own cultural dilemma, it should be recognized that the US has likewise absorbed diverse cultures and traditions leading to many people to question who or what is a ‘real American’ (Bumbrey S. 1999). The idea of Americanisation should not be ignored but rather regarded as part of the cultural assimilation of the world leading towards globalization.

Childhood Mortality in Nineteenth-Century England :: European Europe History

Childhood Mortality in Nineteenth-Century England The issue of childhood mortality is written into the works of Gaskell and Dickens with alarming regularity. In Mary Barton, Alice tells Mary and Margaret that before Will was orphaned, his family had buried his six siblings. There is also the death of the Wilson twins, as well as Tom Barton's early death --an event which inspires his father John to fight for labor rights because he's certain his son would have survived if he'd had better food. In Oliver Twist, Dick's early death is typical of workhouse children who never recover from years of chronic malnutrition. And in Dombey and Son, Paul demonstrates that wealth does not guarantee longevity, as we watch him steadily weakened by some mysterious illness. Evidence is everywhere that Gaskell, Dickens, and many of their contemporaries, used fiction to chronicle a sad fact of l9th century life: Many children didn't live to become adults. At the Newell Historical Burial ground in Attleboro, the stone marking the graves of the Stanley family indicates that three children were either stillborn or died before their first birthdays. If there were any other children who survived childhood, they were probably daughters who were buried in their husbands' family plots. A typical grave from the mid-19th century is a husband's stone flanked by two or even three wives each but the last having died in her 20s or 30s. Certainly many of these women died in childbirth, because their death dates match the birth dates on the children's stones. Several children might be named after the father. In one family plot with eight children, three were named John because only the third one survived the first year. ApE time when the death of a toddler was as normal as this practice was quite common in both America and England. While all of Dombey's money couldn't save his son from dying, little Paul's diet, lifestyle, and medical attention gave him every advantage available. The relationship between poverty and childhood mortality is unmistakable. In Boston's Irish Catholic slums, Lemuel Shattuck found that between 1841 and 1845, 61% of the population died before the age of five. (Woodham-Smith, p. 252) Poor English children didn't fare any particularly in the manufacturing towns of London, Sheffield, Leocester, Manchester, and Liverpool. Statistics from the Sheffield General Infirmary' between 1837 and 1842 reveal that of 11,944 deaths, half were children under age five:

The College Experience Essay -- Personal Narrative Writing

The College Experience "Tomorrow is the first day of what I will become." I wrote this in my diary the night before my first day of college. I was anxious as I imagined the stereotypical college room: intellectual students, in-depth discussions about neat stuff, and of course, a casual professor sporting the tweed jacket with leather elbows. I was also ill as I foresaw myself drowning in a murky pool of reading assignments and finals, hearing a deep, depressing voice ask "What can you do with your life?" Since then, I've settled comfortably into the college "scene" and have treated myself to the myth that I'll hear my calling someday, and that my future will introduce itself to me with a hardy handshake. I can't completely rid my conscience from reality, however. My university education and college experience has become a sort of fitful, and sleepless night, in which I have wonderful dreams and ideas, but when I awaken to apply these aspirations, reality sounds as a six thirty alarm and my dreams are forgo tten. Up until recently, I've considered myself a decisive person, able... The College Experience Essay -- Personal Narrative Writing The College Experience "Tomorrow is the first day of what I will become." I wrote this in my diary the night before my first day of college. I was anxious as I imagined the stereotypical college room: intellectual students, in-depth discussions about neat stuff, and of course, a casual professor sporting the tweed jacket with leather elbows. I was also ill as I foresaw myself drowning in a murky pool of reading assignments and finals, hearing a deep, depressing voice ask "What can you do with your life?" Since then, I've settled comfortably into the college "scene" and have treated myself to the myth that I'll hear my calling someday, and that my future will introduce itself to me with a hardy handshake. I can't completely rid my conscience from reality, however. My university education and college experience has become a sort of fitful, and sleepless night, in which I have wonderful dreams and ideas, but when I awaken to apply these aspirations, reality sounds as a six thirty alarm and my dreams are forgo tten. Up until recently, I've considered myself a decisive person, able...

Taxation Fte

8/3/2011 The  Economics  of  Taxation Lecture  11:  Taxation  and  Business  Valuation:  FTE  approach International  Accounting International Accounting and Taxation Master  of Science  (MSc) University  of Liechtenstein,  Vaduz Dr. Tanja  Kirn D T j Ki Chair for Tax  Management  and the Laws  of International  and Liechtenstein  Taxation Institute  for Financial  Services University  of Liechtenstein,  Vaduz The  Economics  of  Taxation Taxation  and  Business  Valuation:  FTE  approach Exercise Suppose  Lucent  Technologies  has  an  equity  cost  of  capital  of  10%,  market   capitalization  of  $10.   billion,  and  an  enterprise  value  of  $14. 4  billion. Suppose   p $ , p $ pp Lucent’s  debt  cost  of  capital  is  6. 1%  and  its  marginal  tax  rate  is  35%. a. What  is  Lucent’s  WACC? b. If  Lucent  maintain s  a  constant  debt? equity  ratio,  what  is  the  value  of  a  project  with   average  risk  and  the  following  expected  free  cash  flows? c. If  Lucent  maintains  its  debt? equity  ratio,  what  is  the  debt  capacity  of  the  project  in   part  (b)? part (b)? d. What  is  the  free  cash  flow  to  equity  for  this  project? e. What  is  its  NPV  computed  using  the  FTE  method? How  does  it  compare  with  the   NPV  based  on  the  WACC  method?  ©Ã‚  2011  Dr. Tanja  Kirn  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ University  of  Liechtenstein  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Vaduz 2 1 8/3/2011 The  Economics  of  Taxation Taxation  and  Business  Valuation:  FTE  approach Exercise In  year  1,  AMC  will  earn  $2000  before  interest  and  taxes. The  market  expects  these   earnings  to  grow  at  a  rate  of  3%  per  year. The  firm  will  make  no  net  investments  (i. e. ,   g g %p y ( , capital  expenditures  will  equal  depreciation)  or  changes  to  net  working  capital. Assume  that  the  corporate  tax  rate  equals  40%. Right  now,  the  firm  has  $5000  in  risk? free  debt. It  plans  to  keep  a  constant  ratio  of  debt  to  equity  every  year,  so  that  on   average  the  debt  will  also  grow  by  3%  per  year. Suppose  the  risk? free  rate  equals  5%,   and  the  expected  return  on  the  market  equals  11%. The  asset  beta  for  this  industry  is   1. 11.  ©Ã‚  2011  Dr. Tanja  Kirn  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ University  of  Liechtenstein  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Vaduz 3 The  Economics  of  Taxation Taxation  and  Business  Valuation:  FTE  approach Questions a. If  AMC  were  an  all? equity  (unlevered)  firm,  what  would  its  market  value  be? b. Assuming  the  debt  is  fairly  priced,  what  is  the  amount  of  interest  AMC  will  pay  next  year? If  AMC’s   debt  is  expected  to  grow  by  3%  per  year,  at  what  rate  are  its  interest  payments  expected  to  grow? c. Even  though  AMC’s  debt  is  riskless  (the  firm  will  not  default),  the  future  growth  of  AMC’s  debt  is   uncertain,  so  the  exact  amount  of  the  future  interest  payments  is  risky. Assuming  the  future  interest

Self Exploration

Many of us go through life skimming the surface of our identities. That is, we don’t truly dig deeply into our thoughts, feelings, desires and dreams. Part of the problem is that we’re always on the go. When to-do lists keep swelling, self-exploration takes a backseat. How can it not, when we barely find time for self-care? Specifically, self-exploration involves â€Å"taking a look at your own thoughts, feelings, behaviors and motivations and asking why. It’s looking for the roots of who we are — answers to all the questions we have about [ourselves],† according to Ryan Howes, Ph. D, psychologist, writer and professor in Pasadena, California. Having a deeper understanding of ourselves has many benefits. It â€Å"helps people understand and accept who they are and why they do what they do, which improves self-esteem, communication and relationships,† he said. ————————————————- Here, Howes discusses how he helps clients explore their own identities, the potential challenges that can hamper self-exploration and the strategies readers can try at home. The process of exploring yourself is a meticulous one and takes determination and focus to accomplish. It means becoming aware of what’s important to you and understanding yourself, i. e. your values, interests, aptitudes, abilities, strengths and weaknesses. It is also a way to gain knowledge of what is a good fit or match for your personality type. Before you can explore the world of work or a career, you must first understand yourself. Start by asking yourself questions: â€Å"What do I want to do? † â€Å" What are my goals, dreams and ambitions? † Self-exploration is looking inside yourself and concentrating and focusing on you, your needs, and your future†¦not mom’s, dad’s, or your friends. This is not to say that what others have to say isn’t important. On the contrary, hear them out, but ultimately this important decision is yours. After all, you know you better than anyone else, even mom. This process of self-exploration may seem a little lame, but this is the foundation that makes good decisions great! Knowing your strengths and weaknesses can make all the difference! If you take the time to know yourself, or at least evaluate yourself, you will have a truer sense of what’s good for you, or should I say, better for you. Many people never take into consideration whether the career/job they’ve chosen is something that they are going to enjoy doing, whether it’s going to meet their needs professionally and/or personally. Many are just glad to have a job that pays decent wages. Yes, finances are important, but ultimately it’s more important to be happy. If you are not satisfied in your job it will eventually affect your work, your level of commitment to the job, those you work for and even your personal life. If you enjoy what you are doing, believe in it and you know why you chose to do it, you will tend to be more committed to it, better at it, and you’ll work harder to do it well. This commitment, this strong work ethic is what aims us towards achieving greatness. If we are happy, we look towards the future with determination, ambition, and goals. If we are just getting by in our job, could care less about whether we get the job done or even whether we come to work at all, we tend to wallow in our misery. We do more looking back at what could have been or should have been, and can only see the future as more of the same dissatisfaction. Success requires taking an active role in the growth and development of our personal and professional life. One way to get started figuring out who you are and what you want in life is to begin by evaluating your academic exposure. Look at the courses you’ve taken: both the ones' you liked and disliked. Of the classes you liked, what did you enjoy most about the subject? What made you dislike some of the courses? Why didn’t that class appeal to you? Does the class provide you with something that you can develop into a career? Next, consider what’s really important to you; things you value, interests you may have, skills and abilities you possess. Take some time and think about what you might need in order to be happy and ultimately successful in your job/career. For example, a few things to consider might be salary, geographic location, job autonomy, work hours, and professional growth opportunities, to name a few. Which ones of these, and/or others, are most significant; things that would make an obvious difference in whether we would enjoy our job/career? If you don’t take the time to consider who you are and what you want, you won’t know what you are looking for. You need to be aware that no job/career is going to be perfect and meet all of your expectations. But if you at least think about which things are more vital to your happiness and aim for those, you can come pretty close to what you want. Think about the skills and abilities you may have that you would like to utilize in your chosen profession (i. e. leadership, helping others, mathematical ability, creativity, communication, etc. Which careers give you more of an opportunity to express yourself and be yourself? Many people make the mistake of assuming that they can and will do just about anything for the right amount of money. Well let me assure you that this is only partially true. In the beginning, the money may seem like enough to sustain your job satisfaction and happiness, but soon everyone realizes that money alone is only a temporary fix. If you donâ₠¬â„¢t really like what you are doing, or like where you work, you won’t be happy and the money won’t ever be enough. Another way to assess your interests might be to consider careers that you may have already been exposed to through friends, family members or previous part-time and summer jobs, and even volunteer opportunities or internships. Talk to any persons you can find who may be doing something you think that you want to do, or have thought about doing. Really pick their brains about why they chose that profession, what do they like or dislike about their jobs, what’s a typical day like on the job for them? This is called informational interviewing. Also, draw from your own experiences about what it may be like to work full-time. What kind of supervisor would you prefer; do you prefer flexible or set work hours; do you like being in a leadership role, etc.? The best way to answer some of these questions is through an internship or co-op. If you have not considered an internship or co-op before, please do. Cooperative education and internships add meaning to the academic experience. Both offer the student the opportunity to gain practical experience. At the same time students can identify career interests and goals and relate them to academic endeavors. Most people believe that you don’t need to be concerned about figuring out who you are and what you want to do until you’re just about ready to graduate. Yes, this is one way to do it, but why wait until the last minute. You may realize that what you thought you wanted to do really doesn’t appeal to you at all. Self-exploration should be done early and often, as early as your junior year in high school, and at least once a year thereafter. The sooner you start to think about your future, the better prepared you’ll be for it. If you didn’t go this route, it’s still not too late to catch up. Find a career counselor on your campus and get started. There is often a certain amount of fear that goes along with making decisions about one's future. D. J. Parson, an Appalachian State University sophomore, stated, â€Å"When I first arrived, I didn’t have any idea how to get started choosing a major, not to mention what I was going to do with that major when I finished school. After I met with a career counselor and discovered a few things about myself, for example, what motivates me, things started to click and I was able to move forward. D. J. is not alone in his dilemma. As a career counselor, I encounter numerous students who are confused about how to go about making effective career decisions. Many are paralyzed by the mere thought they have to make decisions themselves for the first time. Their parents or someone else has always performed this role and now it’s their turn. Students are generally all over the map when it comes to decision-making. Some student s want to do it all, while others aren’t sure they want to do anything. They haven’t found their passion. I once had a student tell me, â€Å" If I can’t figure out exactly what to do, I’ll just stay in school longer; there is always graduate school. † One thing to realize is that figuring out who you are and what you want takes time and a lot of effort on your part. Through examining what you’ve enjoyed doing, what things come easily or naturally to you, what gives you motivation, what peaks your interests etc. , you will begin to put the puzzle pieces together. Bit by bit you will see a pattern developing. Next, realize that you can do just about anything you want and you can do more than one thing; you just can’t do it all at once. If you like lots of things and can’t seem to eliminate any of them, then your task is to select which thing you would like to do first and move on to the next at a later time until you have accomplished all that you want. The most important thing to remember is that nothing is 100 percent guaranteed. Life is about change and career planning and self-exploration are lifelong processes. You don’t just make a decision today and expect that you’ll be completely satisfied with that choice for the rest of your life. You will grow, experience things and meet different people. As society grows and technology develops, so will your interests change, grow and redevelop. Expect it; that’s life! However, this doesn’t mean that the choices you make today are worthless. They too will play an important role in your future. You will be able to draw on these experiences to help you assess yourself later when you want to consider new options, goals, and dreams. Sometimes, the task of putting all the pieces together can be a bit overwhelming and you may need to seek assistance from more experienced and knowledgeable resources. Three sources I recommend are your career counselor, your academic advisor and the Internet. Your career counselor is the most experienced of the three sources. A career counselor will be able to offer you not only his/her expertise through one-on-one counseling and advising, but also many more tools to uncover your true self. Counselors can provide career-specific library resources such as books and videos about certain college majors, careers within those majors, and companies that seek to hire graduates of those majors. In addition, career counselors provide career interest testing such as the Strong Interest Inventory, the Campbell Interest and Skills Survey, the Myers Briggs Type Indicator, the Self Directed Search, and the Kuder Occupational Orientation. There are also computerized career guidance programs such as SIGIPLUS, DISCOVER, and Career Key. All of these indicators help gauge your personality and interests, and compare them with others who are already in the field. A career counselor will then sit down with you and interpret the test results. Looking at the similarities of interests in different fields and types of careers, your career counselor will be able to show you many different options beyond the obvious ones you may have never considered, or even thought existed. Your academic advisor is another important source to consult about college majors and courses, as well as jobs related to the field. An academic advisor can help guide you through your four years of undergraduate study and help you stay focused on the courses needed to fulfill the requirements of your selected major. Lastly, another wonderful resource is the Internet. It can be a bit overwhelming with the amount of information readily available at your fingertips. You can query an occupation on the Internet and end up with hundreds of pages of information to help you better understand that occupation and many others. You can research job openings, internships, co-ops, and even scholarships, grants and loans for college financial assistance, etc. Here are some helpful tips to remember: * Remember to begin your exploration by taking a good look at you. Accept the challenge to understand yourself and to like who you’ve become, or the person you aspire to be. * ————————————————- Ask yourself questions and take the time to find the real answers. Self discovery was a process I thought I had already been through. But when faced with the question, â€Å"Who am I? † it proved to be a lot harder to put into words than one would think. I believe that I have a good sense of who I am, but translating it into words was a struggle for me. I consider myself to be a very concrete thinker. So, the translation of who I am into words tended to come out as cold and rigid. Words like brash, concrete, smart, and loyal seemed like a big â€Å"thud† on paper. At first I thought, am I really that boring and cold? Which then brings to question, is this really who I am? The following is my best attempt to put myself into words. I’m going to attempt to lighten up those rigid words I came up with to describe me and try to explain why I chose these words. Hopefully these explanations will bring life to them. The first word is brash and is defined as â€Å"offensively bold. †    You can either like me or not. I am strong-willed individual who does not take disrespect from anyone. I can defend myself in most situations. I can most often times convince others that I am right. I know how to think critically and make sound decisions when others fail to. I believe the second and third words go together in explanation for me. The second word is concrete and when used as an adjective, is defined as, â€Å"capable of being perceived by the senses; not abstract or imaginary.    The third word is smart and, also, when used as an adjective, is defined as, â€Å"characterized by quickness and ease in learning. †    I have the ability to sort through the â€Å"fluff† and get to the facts so I can make a good decision or form a strong opinion. I can make others question their own opinions or beliefs by flooding them with facts and evidence. In this way I am very persuasive a nd convincing. The final word is loyal. It is used to describe people of â€Å"unwavering in devotion to friend or vow or cause. † When it comes to those I love, I†¦