School Prayer Separation of Church and State

While the phrase â€Å"separation of church and state† does not appear in the U.S Constitution, it forms the basis of the reason that organized prayer, as well as almost all types of religious ceremonies and symbols, have been banned at U.S. public schools and most public buildings since 1962.   In the United States, church and state—the government—must remain separate according to the â€Å"establishment clause† of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which states, â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof...† Basically, the establishment clause prohibits federal, state and local governments from displaying religious symbols or conducting religious practices on or in any property under the control of those governments, like courthouses, public libraries, parks and, most controversially, public schools. While the establishment clause and the constitutional concept of separation of church and state have been used over the years to force governments to remove things like the Ten Commandments and nativity scenes from their buildings and grounds, they have more famously been used to force the removal of prayer from America’s public schools. School Prayer Declared Unconstitutional In parts of America, regular school prayer was practiced until 1962, when the U.S. Supreme Court, in the landmark case of Engel v. Vitale, ruled it unconstitutional. In writing the Courts opinion, Justice Hugo Black cited the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment: It is a matter of history that this very practice of establishing governmentally composed prayers for religious services was one of the reasons which caused many of our early colonists to leave England and seek religious freedom in America. ... Neither the fact that the prayer may be denominationally neutral nor the fact that its observance on the part of the students is voluntary can serve to free it from the limitations of the Establishment Clause ... Its first and most immediate purpose rested on the belief that a union of government and religion tends to destroy government and to degrade religion ...The Establishment Clause thus stands as an expression of principle on the part of the Founders of our Constitution that religion is too personal, too sacred, too holy, to permit its unhallowed perversion by a civil magistrate... In the case of Engel v. Vitale, the Board of Education of Union Free School District No. 9 in New Hyde Park, New York directed that the following prayer must be said aloud by each class in the presence of a teacher at the beginning of each school day: Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers and our Country. The parents of 10 school children brought the action against the Board of Education challenging its constitutionality. In their decision, the Supreme Court did indeed find the requirement of the prayer to be unconstitutional. The Supreme Court had, in essence, re-drawn constitutional lines by ruling that public schools, as part of the â€Å"state,† were no longer a place for the practice of religion. How the Supreme Court Decide Issues of Religion in Government Over many years and many cases mainly involving religion in public schools, the Supreme Court has developed three tests to be applied to religious practices for determining their constitutionality under the First Amendment’s establishment clause. The Lemon Test Based on the 1971 case of Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602, 612-13, the court will rule a practice unconstitutional if: The practice lacks any secular purpose. That is if the practice lacks any non-religious purpose; orthe practice either promotes or inhibits a particular religion; orthe practice excessively (in the courts opinion) involves the government with a religion. The Coercion Test Based on the 1992 case of Lee v. Weisman, 505 U.S. 577 the religious practice is examined to see to what extent, if any, overt pressure is applied to force or coerce individuals to participate. The Court has defined that Unconstitutional coercion occurs when: (1) the government directs (2) a formal religious exercise (3) in such a way as to oblige the participation of objectors. The Endorsement Test Finally, drawing from the 1989 case of Allegheny County v. ACLU, 492 U.S. 573, the practice is examined to see if it unconstitutionally endorses religion by conveying a message that religion is favored, preferred, or promoted over other beliefs. Church and State Controversy Will Not Go Away Religion, in some form, has always been a part of our government. Our money reminds us that, In God we Trust. And, in 1954, the words under God were added to the Pledge of Allegiance. President Eisenhower, said at the time that in doing so Congress was, ...reaffirming the transcendence of religious faith in Americas heritage and future; in this way, we shall constantly strengthen those spiritual weapons which forever will be our countrys most powerful resource in peace and war. It is probably safe to say that for a very long time in the future, the line between church and state will be drawn with a wide brush and gray paint. The Roots of Separation of Church and State  Ã‚   The phrase â€Å"separation of church and state† can be traced to a letter written by Thomas Jefferson for the purpose of explaining the intent and application of the Establishment Clause and Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution. In the letter addressed to the Danbury Baptist Association in Connecticut, and published in at least one Massachusetts newspaper. Jefferson wrote, â€Å"I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, thus building a wall of separation between Church State.†Ã‚   Historians believe that in his words, Jefferson was echoing the beliefs of Puritan minister Roger Williams, founder of the first Baptist church in America, who had in 1664 written that he sensed the need for â€Å"a hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world.†

Controlling Organized Crime - 1363 Words

Controlling Organized Crime CJA384 Controlling Organized Crime Since the 1990’s, organized crime has become a problem among U.S. citizens. The Mafia was the earliest group to show its strengths of power and manipulation among citizens and business of New York City. From the time of the Mafia’s rise, other criminal organizations have surfaced using their power to corrupt personal within business for the gain of finance and political strength. In today society, one of the main question when it comes to these groups is how can criminal organizations be controlled? This paper will identify the problems presented and the various relationships established by organized crime. It will describe the legal limitations associated with combating†¦show more content†¦Conversely, the Federal Bureau of Investigation has classified organized crime â€Å"as a continuing criminal conspiracy with an organized structure that is successful because of its use of fear, corruption, and violence† (Mallory amp; Mallory, 2012). The characteristics defined above provide a basis for deciding if a specific group of criminals represent organized crime. This type of information is essential because organized crime has be handled in a different way from those of traditional offenders. Researchers can do a more comprehensive understanding could be acquired from the many empirical and speculative theories that contribute in the clarification of organized crime; this writer would it to be known that there is not one theory that can be applicable to the various groups of organized crime or its participants (Mallory amp; Mallory, 2012). When dealing with organized crime, those working in the criminal justice field that there are plentiful problems that organized crime brings to the table. One such issues that can rise up are the provision of illicit markets is one large problem associated with organized crime. This is an issues because communities that are in a susceptible state and as a result this types of villages can undoubtedly become dependent on what organized crime can supply (Beare amp; Naylor, 1994). Within at risk environment manipulation and perversion canShow MoreRelatedControlling Organized Crime1200 Words   |  5 PagesControlling Organize Crime Paper Louis Pierre CJA/384 May 6, 2013 University of phoenix Professor: Glen Winters Controlling Organize Crime Paper Organize crime is a conspiratorial activity involving the coordination of numerous people in the planning and execution of illegal acts or in the pursuit of a legitimate objective by unlawful means, for example, threatening a legitimate business to get stake in it. However, organize crime involves continuous commitment by primary members, althoughRead MoreEssay on Controlling Organized Crime1564 Words   |  7 PagesControlling Organized Crime CJA/393 Criminal Organizations June 1, 2010 Controlling Organized Crime In this paper, I will identify the problems presented and the various relationships established by organized crime. I will also describe the legal limitations associated with combating organized crime, and include a critique of major federal laws and strategies that support this effort. Lastly, I will suggest a solution to control organized crime by discussing and evaluating the effectivenessRead MoreControlling Organized Crime Paper1163 Words   |  5 PagesControlling Organized Crime Paper CJA/ 384 August 19, 2013 Controlling Organized Crime Paper Organized crime is an issue that has existed for many years and continues to be on the rise especially with the technology that we have today. Well – known criminal organizations include; Italian Mafia, Russian Mobsters, Nuestra Familia, Mexican Mafia, The Hell’s Angels, The Bandidos, John Gotti, Al Capone, and so much more. One of the most famous criminal organizations are the Gambino Family inRead MoreControlling Organized Crime Paper1206 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Controlling Organized Crime Tina Martin-Fleming CJA/384 February 19, 2015 Charles Davis Organized crime groups have been around since the 1900’s. The mafia who came from Italy and other countries to the United States started their business and became a nuisance over a period. The mob became a problem for society with their illegal activities such as gambling, racketeering and prostitution that includes other violent behaviors. The mafia was famous for manipulating individuals with theirRead MoreCja 384 Controlling Organized Crime1370 Words   |  6 Pagescontrol organized crime and not just in the United States of America but also abroad. This is a country and others are wrought with opportunities, but many would seek to use those opportunities improperly to illegal ends. The consequences of these criminals and their actions can be detrimental to the overall well-being of the general populace by introducing negative elements into the greater whole of society. For that reason, and many others, numerous agencies were created to police these crimes andRead MoreDur ing The Course Of This Class, We Identified Organized1301 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the course of this class, we identified organized crime groups throughout the world to include the Unites States and our southern neighbor, Mexico. Narcotics trafficking, prostitution, extortion, and murder are a huge part of the illegal activities controlled by these various groups. For this particular project, my focus will be on the organized crime group identified as Los Zetas. In the journal, Small Wars and Insurgencies, I read an article written by Lisa J. Campbell about Los Zetas.Read More Organized Crime Essay1035 Words   |  5 Pages Organized crime is often described similarily by groups like government, the press and popular opinion. This similar definition is described through the knowledge people have gained from pop-culture movies, television shows, magazines, novels and stories from newspaper articles. Often these newspaper articles are written by authors who have little more knowledge on the structure of organized crime then what their favorite Sopranos episode dictates. It is extremely rare in todays society thatRead MoreBook Report on The New Ethnic Mob by William Kleinknecht Essay1470 Words   |  6 Pagescurrent criminals involved in organized crime are no longer just the Italians. He could be Cuban, Chinese, Russian, African-American, Haitian, or Jamaican. These are the new breed of more sophisticated and more brutal organized criminals. In the preface of the book Kleinknecht states not to mistake this work for a case against immigration in the United States. The author does a great job giving background information on how organized crime emerged in the early part of the Read MoreSummary Of All Souls By Michael Patrick Macdonald, And The Departed Essay1907 Words   |  8 Pageson racial discrimination during this time. The organized crime leaders in both All Souls and The Departed seized and opportunity, and utilized them to their advantage. Both Frank Costello, leader of the Irish mob in The Departed, and Whitey Bulger, Leader of the Irish mob in All Souls, exploited the ethnic and racial tensions to distract South Boston from the damage that organized crime is causing. Costello and Bulger are responsible for crimes devastating to South Boston such as murdering countlessRead More THe Mafia Essay1064 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Italian-American Mafia, is a group of criminals organized into quot;families,quot; and operating primarily in North America. Also known as La Cosa Nostra, at one time there were 26 families in the United States - roughly one for each major city. The Mafi a composed of bosses of numerous families, mostly New York, was the overseeing authority for all of the other La Cosa Nostra families. New York City is the place of origin for organized crime in the United States. Currently, there are five families

Stefan’s Diaries The Craving Chapter 22 Free Essays

Once we had put several blocks between us and the police precinct, we stopped in the shadows of a bare maple tree. â€Å"Well, thanks for the rescue – not that I couldn’t have done it myself, eventually,† Damon said. â€Å"And now, I think I’m ready for a drink. We will write a custom essay sample on Stefan’s Diaries: The Craving Chapter 22 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Adieu, mes amis,† he saluted us, and spun on his heel, disappearing into the night. â€Å"Good riddance,† Lexi muttered. â€Å"What now?† I asked. â€Å"You heard the man. Let’s go for a drink,† she said, grinning, and put her arm in mine. I walked with Lexi, but it felt wrong, somehow, to be able to go on with my existence so casually knowing that the Sutherlands had been murdered, and it had been partly my doing. What would I tell Margaret? She deserved to know some version of the truth, despite the fact that there would be no justice here. Creatures like the one who killed her family did not suffer consequences for their actions. Human lives were much shorter than vampire lives, but that didn’t make them less valuable. In fact, it made their lives more precious. â€Å"So catch me up,† she said, squeezing my arm and pulling me out of my dark thoughts. â€Å"What’s been going on since you left our fair city?† â€Å"I got married today,† I said. Her eyes widened. â€Å"Now I really do need a drink,† she declared. â€Å"Stefan Salvatore, you are going to be the death of me. I have heard of a lovely new place that gets its vodka straight from St. Petersburg and freezes it in a fancy little ice-bottle†¦.† She prattled on, leading me through what I had thought was my city, but New York with Lexi was an entirely different animal. Whereas I’d stuck to the shadows and back alleys, Lexi knew her way around glittering nightlife. Soon we came to what looked like an elegant private club. Thick red carpets covered every square inch of the floor, and gold, black, and red lacquer covered everything else, including a giant carving of a firebird that hung from the ceiling. A ma?tre d’ came up, and after one look at Lexi, ushered us over to the most extravagant booth. It had velvet and cloth-of-gold pillows with far too many tassels to be perfectly comfortable. The strains of a piano filtered from the next room over, and I understood why she’d chosen this bar – Lexi always asked Hugo, a member of her vampire family in New Orleans, to play piano for her. â€Å"Married?† she said as soon as we were settled in and she had ordered us something. The image of the Sutherlands’ bloody bodies scorched my vision for a moment. â€Å"How did you know where we were, really?† I asked, changing the subject. News didn’t travel that fast unless it was about the war. It still should have taken her at least a week to get from Louisiana to New York, whether by train or vampiric speed. â€Å"I set one of my friends after Damon. I worried about you,† she admitted, a sheepish look on her face. â€Å"I know you can take care of yourself, but Damon is dangerous, Stefan, and I don’t want anything to happen to you.† The waiter came over with our drinks. As promised, the bottle was encased in a block of bluish ice with flowers and herbs pressed inside, as fresh as the day they were frozen. I couldn’t help touching a fingertip to a blossom that was near the surface, and feeling the ridge of rime that separated it from my skin. A human’s heat would have melted the ice. A vampire’s flesh was colder, kept in a similar state of perpetual frozen perfection. The waiter poured us each a shot in goblets carved from solid green malachite. I put my hand over hers. â€Å"Thank you, Lexi. For everything you’ve done. I can never repay you.† â€Å"No, you can’t,† she said cheerfully. â€Å"But you can start by telling me everything. As I said before: married?† So I told her about my discovery of Bridget and being inducted into the Sutherland household, and Damon’s insane plans. She giggled and gasped at every detail. I guess from an outsider’s perspective, particularly a much older vampire, Damon’s machinations might seem mild in comparison. â€Å"Oh, oh my God,† she said, unable to stop laughing. â€Å"A double wedding? You and Damon together? And no one ate the flower girl?† She waved the waiter over for another bottle of vodka. â€Å"Oh, how I wish I was there. Stefan! I didn’t even get you anything†¦.† I smiled, wishing I could just sit there and continue to watch her laugh. But I had to finish the tale. â€Å"Are you sure it wasn’t Damon?† she asked quietly, when I told her of the Sutherlands’ murders. â€Å"There are a lot of things I can’t predict about him,† I admitted. â€Å"I had no idea he would actually follow me to the ends of the earth just to make my life miserable – even after he murdered Callie. But I’m positive he had nothing to do with the slaying – he was just as surprised as I was. And he has not been one to hide his evil acts. Besides, Margaret even believed him and apparently she has a sixth sense about these things,† I said. â€Å"New York City isn’t exactly the ends of the earth,† she said, but this time there was no humor in her voice. â€Å"But it’s an odd coincidence that some other monster would set his sights on the very same family that you did.† â€Å"It wasn’t a coincidence at all.† Lexi’s face went ashen as I recounted what the lawyer had said. A look I had never seen before on her crossed her pretty face – dread. â€Å"Describe him to me,† she ordered. â€Å"He was huge. Blond hair, blue eyes. He seemed older than time,† I said, struggling to express the ancient menace I felt. â€Å"Evil. Just pure darkness radiating out of him.† â€Å"Did he†¦ did he have an accent?† she asked hesitantly, as if she already knew the answer. â€Å"Yes. I thought it was just part of whatever he was. But it could have been Polish or Russian. He said something about someone named Klaus?† Lexi thumped the underside of the table with her fist and looked away. â€Å"Who was it, Lexi?† I demanded. I needed to know. If he was going to be my executioner, if he was the one who had murdered the Sutherlands, at the very least I would get to know who my enemy was. â€Å"He mentioned Klaus?† she asked, speaking more into her glass than to me. â€Å"Everyone knows about him. He was one of the first vampires.† A hush seemed to descend over the restaurant, and the gas lamps flickered. I clutched my glass of vodka. â€Å"He is directly descended from Hell. Any piece of good, any sense of morality, anything at all that keeps you and me – and even Damon – from becoming a completely twisted, raving monster of pure evil – none of that is in him. There is nothing human about him. He has minions, other old ones who do his bidding. No one’s ever seen Klaus – or at least lived to tell about it!† I digested this horrifying information, wrapping my hands around my glass. â€Å"This†¦ thing said we took Katherine.† Lexi paled. â€Å"If she was important to Klaus and he believes that you and your brother are responsible for what happened to her, you’re in serious trouble.† â€Å"He mentioned a curse. Do you know what he’s talking about?† Lexi drummed her fingers against the table, her brow furrowing. â€Å"Curse? Many vampires consider being confined to wander at night a curse, but I don’t know what Katherine had to do with that.† â€Å"Do you think he†¦ did he turn her into a vampire?† I asked. â€Å"That’s irrelevant,† Lexi said. â€Å"It’s doesn’t matter how or why he cares about her – just that he does. You have your own fate to worry about.† I ran my hands through my hair, frustrated. Once again Katherine had found a way to insert herself into my life and create havoc. While I felt guilty about what had happened to Katherine, I still blamed her for destroying my family, for turning my life into the mess it was now. Katherine had been nothing but selfish. She’d toyed with me and Damon, when Damon fell in love with her and I†¦ well, was falling in lust with her, not once did she think about the possible dangers for us. That we would die, that our brotherhood would be severed irreparably, that her sire might eventually catch up to her, hell-bent on revenge. â€Å"I have to get rid of him,† I said. Lexi shook her head. â€Å"You’re not ‘getting rid’ of anything that old and powerful, my young stripling. You’re just a babe – and on top of that, your diet of rodents and birds hasn’t exactly strengthened you. You and your brother working together couldn’t defeat him. I couldn’t take him on.† â€Å"Well, what do I do?† I demanded, my voice taking on a hard, determined edge. I had just been letting everything that had come along in my life control me – Damon and his stupid plans, getting married†¦. It was time I acted. Lexi rubbed her temples. â€Å"The best you can hope for right now is to figure out what his plans are – and then avoid them. You will need to live long enough to figure out a way to vanquish this old one, before he has a chance to tell Klaus where you are.† I nodded, thinking. â€Å"We need to go back to the mansion.† Lexi opened her mouth, but I put up my hand. â€Å"I know – but maybe he left something behind.† Lexi squared her jaw. â€Å"I’ll go with you. My senses are more finely tuned than yours.† â€Å"You don’t need finely tuned senses to catch the scent of Hell,† I told her, â€Å"but I appreciate the help.† How to cite Stefan’s Diaries: The Craving Chapter 22, Essay examples

Sand and Gravel Operators in Sault Ste

Question: Topic Sand and gravel (aggregates) operators in Sault Ste. Marie sell most, if not all, of their products within the Sault Ste. Marie area. Why that case? What conditions are likely to make it possible for sand and gravel from the Sault Ste. Marie region to be sold routinely in the Southern Ontario market? One company from the Algoma District already ships aggregates to the Southern Ontario and Chicago markets. Name that company. How could that company do that? Answer: The operators Sand and gravel sell the entire product in Sault Ste. Marie because of the demand that is so high arising from the construction industry. The industry is growing very fast and the product is the main component employed for building. Gravel is an important commercial product, with a number of applications. Many roadways are surfaced with gravel, especially in rural areas where there is little traffic. Globally, far more roads are surfaced with gravel than with concrete or tarmac. Both sand and small gravel are also important for the manufacture of concrete. Sand is a commonly happening granular material made out of finely isolated rock and mineral particles. It is characterized by size, being better than rock and coarser than residue. Sand can likewise allude to a textural class of soil or soil sort. `The conditions that make sand and gravel to be sold routinely are that gravel is composed of unconsolidated rock fragments that have a general particle size range and include size classes from granule- to boulder-sized fragments. At the point when rocks disintegrate out of the Rocky Mountains and are conveyed downstream by streams and waterways, they break separated making sand and rock. The sand and rock settles out of the water and structure the stream couch. As the stream channel moves over the scene, the sand and rock stores are deserted. In the Platte River valley, these stores can be more noteworthy than 150 feet profound and frequently contain mammoth bones and teeth, buffalo bones and petrified wood. Extensive gravel stores are a typical geographical peculiarity, being framed as an aftereffect of the weathering and disintegration of rocks. The activity of streams and waves has a tendency to heap up rock in huge gatherings. This can frequently bring about rock getting to be c ompacted and cemented into the sedimentary rock called aggregate. Where characteristic rock stores are deficient for human purposes, rock is frequently created by quarrying and squashing hard-wearing rocks, for example, sandstone, limestone, or basalt. Quarries where rock is extricated are known as rock pits. Southern England has especially extensive centralizations of them because of the boundless affidavit of rock in the locale amid the Ice-Ages. The organization of sand movements, dependent upon the area rock sources and conditions, nevertheless the vital remarkable constituent of sand in in-land terrain areas and non-tropical water-front settings is silica, when in doubt as quartz. The second most typical sort of sand is calcium carbonate, for occurrence aragonite, that has fundamentally been created, over the past a substantial parcel of billion years, by diverse sorts of life, in the same path as coral and shellfish. It is, for occurrence, the key sort of sand apparent in exte nts where reefs have governed the earth for a colossal number of years like the Caribbean. An individual molecule in this reach size is termed a sand grain. Sand grains are between rock and residue. The size detail in the middle of sand and rock has stayed consistent for more than a century; however molecule measurements as little as 0.02 mm were viewed as sand under the Albert Atterberg standard being used amid the early twentieth century. The creation of mineral sand is profoundly variable, contingent upon the neighborhood rock substances and situations. The amazing white sands established in sub-tropical and tropical beach-front settings are disintegrated lime-stone and might encompass and shell and coral pieces notwithstanding other natural or naturally inferred fragmental material, proposing sand development relies on upon living life forms, too. The sand called gypsum give rises to the monument called the white-sands established in New-Mexico are acclaimed for the color that is brilliant, white color. Arkoses is a sand-stone containing significant feld-spar substance, inferred from hardening and disintegration from a rock of granitic out-crop. A few sands contain glauconitic, chlorite, gypsum or magnetite. Sands full in magnetite are indistinct to shadowy in darkness, like sands obtained from volcanic basalts and obsidian. Chlorite-glauconitic bearing sands are regularly green in color, as are sands gotten from ba saltic (magma) with high olivine content. Numerous sands, particularly those discovered widely in Southern Europe, have iron polluting influences inside the quartz gems of the sand, giving a profound yellow shade. Sand stores in a few ranges contain garnets and other safe minerals, including some little gemstones. Works Cited Amini, Younes, Amir Hamidi, and Ebrahim Asghari. "Shear strength-dilation characteristics of cemented sand-gravel mixtures." International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 8.4 (2014): 406-413. Hay, A. E., L. Zedel, and N. Stark. "Sediment dynamics on a steep, megatidal, mixed sand gravelcobble beach." Earth Surface Dynamics 2.2 (2014): 443-453. Hu, Peng, et al. "Well-balanced and flexible morphological modeling of swash hydrodynamics and sediment transport." Coastal Engineering 96 (2015): 27-37. Singh, Manoj K., et al. "Protein delivery to vacuole requires SAND protein-dependent Rab GTPase conversion for MVB-vacuole fusion." Current Biology 24.12 (2014): 1383-1389. Tammeorg, Priit, et al. "Biochar application to a fertile sandy clay loam in boreal conditions: effects on soil properties and yield formation of wheat, turnip rape and faba bean." Plant and soil 374.1-2 (2014): 89-107. van Rijn, Leo C. "A simple general expression for longshore transport of sand, gravel and shingle." Coastal Engineering 90 (2014): 23-39.